Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: #http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm#.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2018 | Least Concern | |
| 2016 | Least Concern | |
| 2012 | Least Concern | |
| 2009 | Least Concern | |
| 2008 | Least Concern | |
| 2004 | Least Concern | |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type | Average mass | 1016 g |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 185,000,000 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 121,000,000 | medium |
| Number of locations | - | |
| Fragmentation | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | poor | estimated | 2009 | |
| Population trend | Decreasing | suspected | - | |
| Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | - | - | - | |
| Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Largest subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Generation length (yrs) | 13 | - | - | - |
Population justification: The global population is estimated to number >1,000,000 individuals (del Hoyo et al. 1992). National population sizes have been estimated at <100 breeding pairs and <50 individuals on migration in Taiwan and <100 breeding pairs and <50 individuals on migration in Japan (Brazil 2009).
Trend justification: The population is suspected to be in decline owing to habitat loss, predation by invasive species and unsustainable levels of exploitation.
| Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American Samoa | U | Extant | ||||
| Anguilla (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Antigua and Barbuda | N | Extant | ||||
| Aruba (to Netherlands) | N | Extant | ||||
| Australia | N | Extant | ||||
| Bahamas | N | Extant | ||||
| Bangladesh | N | Extant | ||||
| Barbados | N | Extant | ||||
| Belize | N | Extant | ||||
| Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (to Netherlands) | N | Extant | ||||
| Brazil | N | Extant | ||||
| British Indian Ocean Territory | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Cayman Islands (to UK) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| China (mainland) | N | Extant | ||||
| Christmas Island (to Australia) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Cocos (Keeling) Islands (to Australia) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Colombia | N | Extant | ||||
| Comoros | N | Extant | ||||
| Cook Islands | N | Extant | ||||
| Costa Rica | N | Extant | ||||
| Cuba | N | Extant | ||||
| Curaçao (to Netherlands) | N | Extant | ||||
| Djibouti | N | Extant | ||||
| Dominica | N | Extant | ||||
| Dominican Republic | N | Extant | ||||
| Ecuador | N | Extant | ||||
| El Salvador | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Fiji | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| French Guiana | N | Extant | ||||
| French Polynesia | N | Extant | ||||
| French Southern Territories | U | Extant | ||||
| Grenada | N | Extant | ||||
| Guadeloupe (to France) | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Guam (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Guatemala | N | Extant | ||||
| Guyana | U | Extant | ||||
| Haiti | N | Extant | ||||
| Honduras | N | Extant | ||||
| Hong Kong (China) | V | Extant | ||||
| India | N | Extant | ||||
| Indonesia | N | Extant | ||||
| Jamaica | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Japan | N | Extant | ||||
| Kenya | V | Extant | ||||
| Kiribati | N | Extant | ||||
| Madagascar | N | Extant | ||||
| Malaysia | N | Extant | ||||
| Maldives | V | Extant | ||||
| Marshall Islands | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Martinique (to France) | N | Extant | ||||
| Mauritius | V | Extinct | Yes | |||
| Mayotte (to France) | N | Extant | ||||
| Mexico | N | Extant | ||||
| Micronesia, Federated States of | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Montserrat (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Mozambique | U | Extant | ||||
| Nauru | V | Extant | ||||
| New Caledonia (to France) | N | Extant | ||||
| Nicaragua | U | Extant | ||||
| Niue (to New Zealand) | N | Extant | ||||
| Norfolk Island (to Australia) | U | Extant | ||||
| Northern Mariana Islands (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Oman | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Palau | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Panama | V | Extant | ||||
| Papua New Guinea | N | Extant | ||||
| Philippines | N | Extant | ||||
| Pitcairn Islands (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Portugal | V | Extant | ||||
| Puerto Rico (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Réunion (to France) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia (Asian) | V | Extant | ||||
| Samoa | N | Extant | ||||
| Seychelles | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Sint Maarten (to Netherlands) | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Solomon Islands | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Somalia | U | Extant | ||||
| Sri Lanka | N | Extant | ||||
| St Helena (to UK) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| St Kitts and Nevis | N | Extant | ||||
| St Lucia | N | Extant | ||||
| St Martin (to France) | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| St Vincent and the Grenadines | N | Extant | ||||
| Suriname | U | Extant | ||||
| Taiwan, China | U | Extant | ||||
| Tanzania | V | Extant | ||||
| Thailand | V | Extant | ||||
| Timor-Leste | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Tokelau (to New Zealand) | U | Extant | ||||
| Tonga | N | Extant | ||||
| Trinidad and Tobago | N | Extant | ||||
| Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Tuvalu | N | Extant | ||||
| United Arab Emirates | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| USA | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Vanuatu | U | Extant | ||||
| Venezuela | N | Extant | ||||
| Vietnam | N | Extant | ||||
| Virgin Islands (to UK) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Virgin Islands (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Wallis and Futuna Islands (to France) | N | Extant | Yes |
| Country/Territory | IBA Name |
|---|---|
| French Polynesia | Manuae, Motu One et Maupihaa |
| Marshall Islands | Bokak Atoll |
| French Polynesia | Maria |
| French Polynesia | Fangataufa |
| French Polynesia | Tetiaroa |
| Kiribati | Malden Island |
| French Polynesia | Apataki, Arutua et Kaukura (Îles Palliser) |
| French Southern Territories | Europa |
| Seychelles | Cosmoledo |
| Seychelles | Aldabra Special Reserve |
| French Southern Territories | Tromelin |
| British Indian Ocean Territory | Barton Point Nature Reserve, Diego Garcia |
| British Indian Ocean Territory | Danger Island, Chagos Bank |
| Indonesia | Pulau Manuk |
| Cayman Islands (to UK) | Booby Pond Nature Reserve |
| Bahamas | Graham's Harbour |
| United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | Navassa |
| St Vincent and the Grenadines | Mustique Island |
| St Vincent and the Grenadines | Battowia Island |
| Belize | Belize Off-shore and Barrier Islands |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Redonda |
| Puerto Rico (to USA) | Mona and Monito |
| Virgin Islands (to USA) | North-west Cays |
| Anguilla (to UK) | Prickly Pear (East and West) |
| Trinidad and Tobago | St Giles Islands |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Little Tobago Island |
| New Caledonia (to France) | Îles des récifs Bampton et Chesterfield |
| Mexico | Islas Revillagigedo |
| Christmas Island (to Australia) | Christmas Island |
| Christmas Island (to Australia) | North Keeling Island |
| Australia | Coringa-Herald Reefs |
| French Polynesia | Crêtes et pentes du Mont Marau |
| Cocos (Keeling) Islands (to Australia) | North Keeling Island |
| Palau | Ngeriungs, Palau |
| Palau | Fana Island |
| Palau | Helen Island, Hatohobei |
| New Caledonia (to France) | Récifs d'Entrecasteaux |
| Marshall Islands | Taongi Atoll |
| Tonga | Maninita, Taula, Lualoli |
| Tonga | 'Ata Island |
| Marshall Islands | Bikar Atoll |
| Marshall Islands | Taka Atoll |
| Marshall Islands | Enewetok Atoll |
| Northern Mariana Islands (to USA) | Rota |
| Micronesia, Federated States of | Wolouna, Ahnd Atoll |
| French Polynesia | Hatu iti |
| USA | Lehua Islet |
| Kiribati | McKean Island |
| Kiribati | Orona Atoll (Hull Island) |
| Kiribati | Nikumaroro (Gardner Island) |
| Kiribati | Abariranga (Canton) Island |
| Kiribati | Enderbury Island |
| Kiribati | Rawaki (Phoenix Island) |
| Kiribati | Teraina (Washington Island) |
| Kiribati | Tabuaeran (Fanning Island) |
| Kiribati | Kiritimati (Christmas Island) |
| Kiribati | Vostok Island |
| Kiribati | Millenium (Caroline) Island |
| Fiji | Vanua Masi Islet |
| Fiji | Vetauua |
| Fiji | Qelelevu Islands |
| Fiji | Kibobo Islet |
| Fiji | Nukubasaga & Nukupureti |
| Fiji | Mabualau & Saqata Rocks |
| Fiji | Namenalala |
| American Samoa | National Park of American Samoa - Tutuila |
| American Samoa | Swain's Atoll |
| French Polynesia | Fatu Hiva |
| French Polynesia | Makatea |
| French Polynesia | Vallée d'Opunohu |
| French Polynesia | Morane |
| French Polynesia | Motane (Mohotani) |
| French Polynesia | Moruroa |
| French Polynesia | Kauehi |
| French Polynesia | Tikehau |
| French Polynesia | Motu de l'ouest et du sud de Rangiroa |
| French Polynesia | Reitoru |
| French Polynesia | Fatu Huku |
| French Polynesia | Hatuta'a |
| American Samoa | Rose Atoll |
| French Polynesia | Akamaru island |
| French Polynesia | Ilots rocheux de Ua Huka |
| French Polynesia | Tahanea |
| French Polynesia | Ilots rocheux de Ua Pou |
| French Polynesia | Bora Bora |
| French Polynesia | Maiao |
| French Polynesia | Maupiti |
| French Polynesia | Mehetia |
| French Polynesia | Tupai |
| French Polynesia | Anuanuraro |
| French Polynesia | Anuanurunga |
| French Polynesia | Fakarava Atolls |
| French Polynesia | Haraiki |
| French Polynesia | Manuhangi |
| French Polynesia | Motutunga |
| French Polynesia | Nukutepipi |
| French Polynesia | Tekokota |
| French Polynesia | Hatu iti |
| USA | Lehua Islet |
| USA | Northwestern Hawaiian Islands |
| USA | Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge |
| Cook Islands | Suwarrow Atoll National Park |
| Indonesia | Pulau Gunung Api |
| Fiji | Vatu-i-Ra |
| Ecuador | Pacific, Southeast 12 - Marine |
| Ecuador | Pacific, Southeast 13 - Marine |
| Ecuador | Pacific, Southeast 14 - Marine |
| French Southern Territories | Europa - Marine |
| French Southern Territories | Tromelin - Marine |
| Cocos (Keeling) Islands (to Australia) | North Keeling Island - Marine |
| Christmas Island (to Australia) | Christmas Island - Marine |
| Seychelles | Aldabra atoll / Cosmoledo atoll - Marine |
| Indonesia | Pulau Gunung Api - Marine |
| Indonesia | Pulau Manuk - Marine |
| Cayman Islands (to UK) | Booby Pond Nature Reserve - Marine |
| British Indian Ocean Territory | Barton Point Nature Reserve, Diego Garcia - Marine |
| British Indian Ocean Territory | Danger Island, Chagos Bank - Marine |
| Australia | Coringa-Herald Reefs - Marine |
| Brazil | Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha |
| Micronesia, Federated States of | Gaferut (Faiyew) Island |
| Micronesia, Federated States of | East Fayu |
| United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | Wake Island |
| United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | Baker Island |
| United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | Howland Island |
| United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | Johnston Atoll |
| United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | Palmyra Atoll |
| United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | Jarvis Island |
| Cook Islands | Takutea Wildlife Sanctuary |
| Papua New Guinea | Southern New Ireland Marine |
| Marshall Islands | Bokak Atoll Marine |
| Fiji | Ringgold Islands Marine |
| United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | Palmyra Atoll Marine |
| Palau | Fana Island Marine |
| Fiji | Namenelala Marine |
| Fiji | Northern Lau Marine |
| Tonga | Ata Island Marine |
| Kiribati | Kiritimati (Christmas Island) Marine |
| Kiribati | Millenium (Caroline) Island Marine |
| Kiribati | Malden Island Marine |
| French Polynesia | Tetiaroa, Moorea et Tahiti Marine |
| New Caledonia (to France) | Récifs d'Entrecasteaux Marin |
| Kiribati | Starbuck Island |
| Kiribati | Flint Island |
| New Caledonia (to France) | Île Walpole |
| New Caledonia (to France) | Île Matthew |
| New Caledonia (to France) | Île Hunter |
| New Caledonia (to France) | Îlots du lagon sud |
| New Caledonia (to France) | District de Wetr à Lifou |
| Tonga | Fonualei |
| Tonga | Late |
| Tokelau (to New Zealand) | Atafu |
| Tokelau (to New Zealand) | Nukunonu |
| Solomon Islands | East Rennell |
| Northern Mariana Islands (to USA) | Maug Islands |
| Northern Mariana Islands (to USA) | Guguan Island |
| Papua New Guinea | Tench Island |
| French Polynesia | Clipperton |
| Wallis and Futuna Islands (to France) | Alofi |
| Wallis and Futuna Islands (to France) | Futuna Marine |
| New Caledonia (to France) | Récifs Bampton et Chesterfield Marin |
| Fiji | Ringgold Islands |
| Fiji | Ringgold Islands |
| Mexico | Islas de la Sonda de Campeche |
| Philippines | Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Pelagic | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Pelagic | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | major | breeding |
| Marine Oceanic | Epipelagic (0-200m) | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Oceanic | Epipelagic (0-200m) | major | breeding |
| Marine Oceanic | Mesopelagic (200-1000m) | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Oceanic | Mesopelagic (200-1000m) | major | breeding |
| Altitude | 0 - 100 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Biological resource use | Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food - human | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent | ||
| Pets/display animals, horticulture | - | - | International | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2020) Species factsheet: Sula sula. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 20/09/2020.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2020) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 20/09/2020.
