Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: #http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm#.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2018 | Least Concern | |
| 2016 | Least Concern | |
| 2012 | Least Concern | |
| 2009 | Least Concern | |
| 2008 | Least Concern | |
| 2004 | Least Concern | |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type | Average mass | 1015.7252197265625 g |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 185,000,000 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 121,000,000 | medium |
| Number of locations | - | |
| Fragmentation | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | poor | estimated | 2009 | |
| Population trend | Decreasing | suspected | - | |
| Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | - | - | - | |
| Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Largest subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Generation length (yrs) | 13 | - | - | - |
Population justification: The global population is estimated to number >1,000,000 individuals (del Hoyo et al. 1992). National population sizes have been estimated at <100 breeding pairs and <50 individuals on migration in Taiwan and <100 breeding pairs and <50 individuals on migration in Japan (Brazil 2009).
Trend justification: The population is suspected to be in decline owing to habitat loss, predation by invasive species and unsustainable levels of exploitation.
| Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American Samoa | U | Extant | ||||
| Anguilla (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Antigua and Barbuda | N | Extant | ||||
| Aruba (to Netherlands) | N | Extant | ||||
| Australia | N | Extant | ||||
| Bahamas | N | Extant | ||||
| Bangladesh | N | Extant | ||||
| Barbados | N | Extant | ||||
| Belize | N | Extant | ||||
| Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (to Netherlands) | N | Extant | ||||
| Brazil | N | Extant | ||||
| British Indian Ocean Territory | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Cayman Islands (to UK) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| China (mainland) | N | Extant | ||||
| Christmas Island (to Australia) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Cocos (Keeling) Islands (to Australia) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Colombia | N | Extant | ||||
| Comoros | N | Extant | ||||
| Cook Islands | N | Extant | ||||
| Costa Rica | N | Extant | ||||
| Cuba | N | Extant | ||||
| Curaçao (to Netherlands) | N | Extant | ||||
| Djibouti | N | Extant | ||||
| Dominica | N | Extant | ||||
| Dominican Republic | N | Extant | ||||
| Ecuador | N | Extant | ||||
| El Salvador | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Fiji | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| French Guiana | N | Extant | ||||
| French Polynesia | N | Extant | ||||
| French Southern Territories | U | Extant | ||||
| Grenada | N | Extant | ||||
| Guadeloupe (to France) | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Guam (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Guatemala | N | Extant | ||||
| Guyana | U | Extant | ||||
| Haiti | N | Extant | ||||
| Honduras | N | Extant | ||||
| Hong Kong (China) | V | Extant | ||||
| India | N | Extant | ||||
| Indonesia | N | Extant | ||||
| Jamaica | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Japan | N | Extant | ||||
| Kenya | V | Extant | ||||
| Kiribati | N | Extant | ||||
| Madagascar | N | Extant | ||||
| Malaysia | N | Extant | ||||
| Maldives | V | Extant | ||||
| Marshall Islands | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Martinique (to France) | N | Extant | ||||
| Mauritius | V | Extinct | Yes | |||
| Mayotte (to France) | N | Extant | ||||
| Mexico | N | Extant | ||||
| Micronesia, Federated States of | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Montserrat (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Mozambique | U | Extant | ||||
| Nauru | V | Extant | ||||
| New Caledonia (to France) | N | Extant | ||||
| Nicaragua | U | Extant | ||||
| Niue (to New Zealand) | N | Extant | ||||
| Norfolk Island (to Australia) | U | Extant | ||||
| Northern Mariana Islands (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Oman | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Palau | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Panama | V | Extant | ||||
| Papua New Guinea | N | Extant | ||||
| Philippines | N | Extant | ||||
| Pitcairn Islands (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Portugal | V | Extant | ||||
| Puerto Rico (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Réunion (to France) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia (Asian) | V | Extant | ||||
| Samoa | N | Extant | ||||
| Seychelles | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Sint Maarten (to Netherlands) | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Solomon Islands | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Somalia | U | Extant | ||||
| Sri Lanka | N | Extant | ||||
| St Helena (to UK) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| St Kitts and Nevis | N | Extant | ||||
| St Lucia | N | Extant | ||||
| St Martin (to France) | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| St Vincent and the Grenadines | N | Extant | ||||
| Suriname | U | Extant | ||||
| Taiwan, China | U | Extant | ||||
| Tanzania | V | Extant | ||||
| Thailand | V | Extant | ||||
| Timor-Leste | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Tokelau (to New Zealand) | U | Extant | ||||
| Tonga | N | Extant | ||||
| Trinidad and Tobago | N | Extant | ||||
| Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Tuvalu | N | Extant | ||||
| United Arab Emirates | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| USA | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Vanuatu | U | Extant | ||||
| Venezuela | N | Extant | ||||
| Vietnam | N | Extant | ||||
| Virgin Islands (to UK) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Virgin Islands (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Wallis and Futuna Islands (to France) | N | Extant | Yes |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Pelagic | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Pelagic | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | major | breeding |
| Marine Oceanic | Epipelagic (0-200m) | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Oceanic | Epipelagic (0-200m) | major | breeding |
| Marine Oceanic | Mesopelagic (200-1000m) | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Oceanic | Mesopelagic (200-1000m) | major | breeding |
| Altitude | 0 - 100 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Biological resource use | Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food (human) | Whole | Adults and juveniles | Wild | Non-trivial | Recent | |
| Food (human) | Whole | Eggs | Wild | Non-trivial | Recent | |
| Food - human | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent | ||
| Pets | Whole | Adults and juveniles | Wild | International | Non-trivial | Recent |
| Pets/display animals, horticulture | - | - | International | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2019) Species factsheet: Sula sula. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 17/02/2019.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2019) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 17/02/2019.
