Taxonomic source(s)
Brooke, M. de L. 2004. Albatrosses and Petrels Across the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Turbott, E.G. 1990. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand. Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington.
Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
---|---|---|
- | - | - |
Year | Category | Criteria |
---|---|---|
2022 | Least Concern | |
2019 | Vulnerable | D2 |
2018 | Vulnerable | D2 |
2016 | Vulnerable | D2 |
2012 | Vulnerable | D2 |
2010 | Vulnerable | D2 |
2008 | Vulnerable | D2 |
2005 | Vulnerable | |
2004 | Vulnerable | |
2000 | Vulnerable | |
1996 | Vulnerable | |
1994 | Vulnerable | |
1988 | Near Threatened |
Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | High |
Land mass type | Average mass | - |
Estimate | Data quality | |
---|---|---|
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 3,300 | medium |
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 68,400,000 | medium |
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 40 | medium |
Number of locations | - | |
Severely Fragmented | - |
Value | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of mature individuals | 66500-100000, 83000 | medium | estimated | 2020 |
Population trend | Stable | medium | inferred | - |
Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | - | - | - | |
Number of subpopulations | 1 | - | - | - |
Percentage in largest subpopulation | 100 | - | - | - |
Generation length (yrs) | 13.5 | - | - | - |
Population justification: More than 99% of the global population now breeds on Lord Howe Island, where approximately 32,000 pairs nest on Mt Gower and Mt Lidgbird with some additional birds nesting on the lower slopes and Northern Hills (Bester 2003). A small but increasing (c.250 pairs in 2016) population now breeds on Phillip Island after their discovery in the 1980s (Hermes et al. 1986, Carlile et al. 2021). Overall, the contemporary population is estimated to number 66,500-100,000 mature individuals, with a best estimate, from Carlile et al. (2021), of 83,000. Historically, a population on Norfolk Island was thought to have numbered about a million pairs in the late 18th century (Medway 2002) and was probably even larger 600 years earlier, before the arrival of Polynesian settlers (Lombal et al. 2017).
Trend justification: The population trend of this species is inferred to be stable (Carlile et al. 2021) in the absence of plausible threats causing declines. Surveys have determined that the species's distribution is likely to have increased since the eradication of pigs on Lord Howe Island and it appears to be establishing itself in the lower elevations south of Mt Lidgbird (Bester 2003). The population on Phillip Island has increased from about 20 pairs in 1985 when discovered (Priddel et al. 2010), to 250 pairs in 2016. Overall therefore the population appears to be stable (Carlile et al. 2021).
Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
American Samoa | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Australia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Cook Islands | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Fiji | U | Extant | ||||
High Seas | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Japan | U | Extant | ||||
Kiribati | U | Extant | ||||
Marshall Islands | U | Extant | ||||
Micronesia, Federated States of | U | Extant | ||||
Nauru | U | Extant | ||||
New Caledonia (to France) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
New Zealand | V | Extant | ||||
Norfolk Island (to Australia) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Palau | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Russia | V | Extant | ||||
Russia (Asian) | V | Extant | ||||
Samoa | U | Extant | ||||
Solomon Islands | U | Extant | ||||
Tokelau (to New Zealand) | U | Extant | ||||
Tonga | U | Extant | ||||
Tuvalu | U | Extant | ||||
United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
USA | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Vanuatu | U | Extant | ||||
Wallis and Futuna Islands (to France) | N | Extant | Yes |
Country/Territory | IBA Name |
---|---|
Norfolk Island (to Australia) | Phillip Island (Norfolk Island) |
Australia | Lord Howe Island Permanent Park Preserve (Lord Howe Island IBA) |
Japan | Pacific, Northwest 1 - Marine |
High Seas | Pacific, Northwest 3 - Marine |
High Seas | Pacific, Northwest 6 - Marine |
Japan | Pacific, Northwest 7 - Marine |
Norfolk Island (to Australia) | Norfolk Island / Phillip Island - Marine |
Australia | Lord Howe Island - Marine |
Australia | Pacific, Southwest 5 - Marine |
High Seas | Pacific, Southwest 11 - Marine |
Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
---|---|---|---|
Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland | major | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Pelagic | major | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Pelagic | major | breeding |
Marine Oceanic | Epipelagic (0-200m) | major | non-breeding |
Marine Oceanic | Epipelagic (0-200m) | major | breeding |
Altitude | 500 - 800 m | Occasional altitudinal limits | 0 - 900 m |
Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biological resource use | Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | No decline | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Unlikely to Return | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
|
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Climate change & severe weather | Storms & flooding | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Future | Majority (50-90%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 3 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Capra hircus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | No decline | Past Impact | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | No decline | Past Impact | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus rattus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | No decline | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Sus domesticus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | No decline | Past Impact | ||||||
|
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Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Tyto novaehollandiae | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | No decline | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Ardenna pacifica | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Hypotaenidia sylvestris | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Porphyrio porphyrio | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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Pollution | Garbage & solid waste | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | No decline | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food - human | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Pterodroma solandri. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 20/03/2023.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 20/03/2023.