• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
Brooke, M. de L. 2004. Albatrosses and Petrels Across the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Turbott, E.G. 1990. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand. Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2022	Least Concern
2019	Vulnerable	D2
2018	Vulnerable	D2
2016	Vulnerable	D2
2012	Vulnerable	D2
2010	Vulnerable	D2
2008	Vulnerable	D2
2005	Vulnerable
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Near Threatened

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	High
Land mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	3,300	medium
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2)	68,400,000	medium
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	40	medium
Number of locations		-
Severely Fragmented		-

	Value	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals	66500-100000, 83000	medium	estimated	2020
Population trend	Stable	medium	inferred	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)		-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Percentage in largest subpopulation	100	-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	13.5	-	-	-

Population justification: More than 99% of the global population now breeds on Lord Howe Island, where approximately 32,000 pairs nest on Mt Gower and Mt Lidgbird with some additional birds nesting on the lower slopes and Northern Hills (Bester 2003). A small but increasing (c.250 pairs in 2016) population now breeds on Phillip Island after their discovery in the 1980s (Hermes et al. 1986, Carlile et al. 2021). Overall, the contemporary population is estimated to number 66,500-100,000 mature individuals, with a best estimate, from Carlile et al. (2021), of 83,000. Historically, a population on Norfolk Island was thought to have numbered about a million pairs in the late 18th century (Medway 2002) and was probably even larger 600 years earlier, before the arrival of Polynesian settlers (Lombal et al. 2017).

Trend justification: The population trend of this species is inferred to be stable (Carlile et al. 2021) in the absence of plausible threats causing declines. Surveys have determined that the species's distribution is likely to have increased since the eradication of pigs on Lord Howe Island and it appears to be establishing itself in the lower elevations south of Mt Lidgbird (Bester 2003). The population on Phillip Island has increased from about 20 pairs in 1985 when discovered (Priddel et al. 2010), to 250 pairs in 2016. Overall therefore the population appears to be stable (Carlile et al. 2021).

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
American Samoa	N	Extant			Yes
Australia	N	Extant		Yes
Cook Islands	N	Extant			Yes
Fiji	U	Extant
High Seas	N	Extant			Yes
Japan	U	Extant
Kiribati	U	Extant
Marshall Islands	U	Extant
Micronesia, Federated States of	U	Extant
Nauru	U	Extant
New Caledonia (to France)	N	Extant			Yes
New Zealand	V	Extant
Norfolk Island (to Australia)	N	Extant		Yes
Palau	N	Extant			Yes
Russia	V	Extant
Russia (Asian)	V	Extant
Samoa	U	Extant
Solomon Islands	U	Extant
Tokelau (to New Zealand)	U	Extant
Tonga	U	Extant
Tuvalu	U	Extant
United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA)	N	Extant			Yes
USA	N	Extant			Yes
Vanuatu	U	Extant
Wallis and Futuna Islands (to France)	N	Extant			Yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Norfolk Island (to Australia)	Phillip Island (Norfolk Island)
Australia	Lord Howe Island Permanent Park Preserve (Lord Howe Island IBA)
Japan	Pacific, Northwest 1 - Marine
High Seas	Pacific, Northwest 3 - Marine
High Seas	Pacific, Northwest 6 - Marine
Japan	Pacific, Northwest 7 - Marine
Norfolk Island (to Australia)	Norfolk Island / Phillip Island - Marine
Australia	Lord Howe Island - Marine
Australia	Pacific, Southwest 5 - Marine
High Seas	Pacific, Southwest 11 - Marine

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	major	breeding
Marine Oceanic	Epipelagic (0-200m)	major	non-breeding
Marine Oceanic	Epipelagic (0-200m)	major	breeding
Altitude	500 - 800 m	Occasional altitudinal limits	0 - 900 m

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use	Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		No decline		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather	Storms & flooding	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 3
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Capra hircus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Majority (50-90%)		No decline		Past Impact
		Stresses Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Majority (50-90%)		No decline		Past Impact
		Stresses Species disturbance
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus rattus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		No decline		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Sus domesticus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Majority (50-90%)		No decline		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Tyto novaehollandiae	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		No decline		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Ardenna pacifica	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Hypotaenidia sylvestris	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Porphyrio porphyrio	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Pollution	Garbage & solid waste	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		No decline		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Species mortality

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Food - human	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent

---

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Pterodroma solandri. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 20/03/2023. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 20/03/2023.