Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: #http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm#.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Least Concern | |
| 2016 | Least Concern | |
| 2013 | Least Concern | |
| 2012 | Least Concern | |
| 2009 | Least Concern | |
| 2008 | Least Concern | |
| 2004 | Least Concern | |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Low |
| Land mass type | Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 298,000,000 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 331,000,000 | medium |
| Number of locations | - | |
| Severely Fragmented | - |
| Value | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | 100000-1200000 | medium | estimated | 2021 |
| Population trend | Increasing | estimated | - | |
| Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | - | - | - | |
| Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Percentage in largest subpopulation | - | - | - | |
| Generation length (yrs) | 9.67 | - | - | - |
Population justification: The European population is estimated at 9,600-13,600 pairs, which equates to 19,200-27,200 mature individuals (BirdLife International in prep). Europe forms approximately 14% of the global range, so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 137,000-200,000 mature individuals, although further validation of this estimate is needed. It has been listed as regionally endangered in North Africa, where the population has been estimated as lying between 130 and 146 mature individuals (Garrido et al. in prep).
The Partners in Flight Science Committee (2021) estimate that the North American population is 400,000 mature individuals. They further estimate that the global population is 1,200,000 mature individuals. The population is placed in the band 100,000-1,200,000 mature individuals.
Trend justification: Over the last three generations (29 years), there has been a 108% increase in the species' population in North America (Pardieck et al. 2019). Other estimates give a much sharper increase between 1965 and 2007 (1,100% increase over 40 years, equating to a 84.2% increase per decade; data from Breeding Bird Survey and/or Christmas Bird Count: Butcher and Niven 2007). Note, however, that these surveys cover less than 50% of the species' range in North America. The European population is estimated to be increasing (BirdLife International in prep). In North Africa, the population decreased sharply in recent decades, with a reported 35.7% decline in Morocco between 1990 and 2013 (Monti et al. 2013), though the population is now believed to be stable (Garrido et al. in prep). The species also appears to be undergoing a decline in India (State of India's Birds 2021). Overall, the species' global population is estimated to be increasing.
| Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Albania | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Algeria | N | Extant | ||||
| Angola | N | Extant | ||||
| Anguilla (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Antigua and Barbuda | N | Extant | ||||
| Argentina | N | Extant | ||||
| Armenia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Aruba (to Netherlands) | N | Extant | ||||
| Australia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Austria | N | Extant | ||||
| Azerbaijan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Bahamas | N | Extant | ||||
| Bahrain | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Bangladesh | N | Extant | ||||
| Barbados | N | Extant | ||||
| Belarus | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Belgium | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Belize | N | Extant | ||||
| Benin | N | Extant | ||||
| Bermuda (to UK) | V | Extant | ||||
| Bhutan | N | Extant | ||||
| Bolivia | N | Extant | ||||
| Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (to Netherlands) | N | Extant | ||||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | N | Extant | ||||
| Botswana | N | Extant | ||||
| Brazil | N | Extant | ||||
| Brunei | N | Extant | ||||
| Bulgaria | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Burkina Faso | N | Extant | ||||
| Burundi | N | Extant | ||||
| Cambodia | N | Extant | ||||
| Cameroon | N | Extant | ||||
| Canada | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Cape Verde | N | Extant | ||||
| Cayman Islands (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Central African Republic | N | Extant | ||||
| Chad | N | Extant | ||||
| Chile | N | Extant | ||||
| China (mainland) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Colombia | N | Extant | ||||
| Congo | N | Extant | ||||
| Congo, The Democratic Republic of the | N | Extant | ||||
| Costa Rica | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Côte d'Ivoire | N | Extant | ||||
| Croatia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Cuba | N | Extant | ||||
| Curaçao (to Netherlands) | N | Extant | ||||
| Cyprus | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Czechia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Denmark | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Djibouti | N | Extant | ||||
| Dominica | N | Extant | ||||
| Dominican Republic | N | Extant | ||||
| Ecuador | N | Extant | ||||
| Egypt | N | Extant | ||||
| El Salvador | N | Extant | ||||
| Equatorial Guinea | N | Extant | ||||
| Eritrea | N | Extant | ||||
| Estonia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Eswatini | N | Extant | ||||
| Ethiopia | N | Extant | ||||
| Faroe Islands (to Denmark) | V | Extant | ||||
| Finland | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| France | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| French Guiana | N | Extant | ||||
| Gabon | N | Extant | ||||
| Gambia | N | Extant | ||||
| Georgia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Germany | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Ghana | N | Extant | ||||
| Gibraltar (to UK) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Greece | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Greenland (to Denmark) | V | Extant | ||||
| Grenada | N | Extant | ||||
| Guadeloupe (to France) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Guam (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Guatemala | N | Extant | ||||
| Guinea | N | Extant | ||||
| Guinea-Bissau | N | Extant | ||||
| Guyana | N | Extant | ||||
| Haiti | N | Extant | ||||
| Honduras | N | Extant | ||||
| Hong Kong (China) | N | Extant | ||||
| Hungary | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Iceland | V | Extant | ||||
| India | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Indonesia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Iraq | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Ireland | N | Extant | ||||
| Israel | N | Extant | ||||
| Italy | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Jamaica | N | Extant | ||||
| Japan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Jordan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Kazakhstan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Kenya | N | Extant | ||||
| Kuwait | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Kyrgyzstan | N | Extant | ||||
| Laos | N | Extant | ||||
| Latvia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Lebanon | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Lesotho | N | Extant | ||||
| Liberia | N | Extant | ||||
| Libya | N | Extant | ||||
| Liechtenstein | N | Extant | ||||
| Lithuania | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Luxembourg | N | Extant | ||||
| Malawi | N | Extant | ||||
| Malaysia | N | Extant | ||||
| Maldives | V | Extant | ||||
| Mali | N | Extant | ||||
| Malta | N | Extant | ||||
| Martinique (to France) | N | Extant | ||||
| Mauritania | N | Extant | ||||
| Mexico | N | Extant | ||||
| Micronesia, Federated States of | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Moldova | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Monaco | N | Extant | ||||
| Mongolia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Montenegro | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Montserrat (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Morocco | N | Extant | ||||
| Mozambique | N | Extant | ||||
| Myanmar | N | Extant | ||||
| Namibia | N | Extant | ||||
| Nepal | N | Extant | ||||
| Netherlands | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| New Caledonia (to France) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Nicaragua | N | Extant | ||||
| Niger | N | Extant | ||||
| Nigeria | N | Extant | ||||
| North Korea | N | Extant | ||||
| North Macedonia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Northern Mariana Islands (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Norway | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Oman | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Pakistan | N | Extant | ||||
| Palau | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Palestine | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Panama | N | Extant | ||||
| Papua New Guinea | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Paraguay | N | Extant | ||||
| Peru | N | Extant | ||||
| Philippines | N | Extant | ||||
| Poland | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Portugal | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Puerto Rico (to USA) | N | Extant | ||||
| Qatar | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Romania | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Russia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia (Asian) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia (Central Asian) | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Russia (European) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Rwanda | N | Extant | ||||
| São Tomé e Príncipe | N | Extant | ||||
| Saudi Arabia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Senegal | N | Extant | ||||
| Serbia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Seychelles | V | Extant | ||||
| Sierra Leone | N | Extant | ||||
| Singapore | N | Extant | ||||
| Sint Maarten (to Netherlands) | N | Extant | ||||
| Slovakia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Slovenia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Solomon Islands | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Somalia | N | Extant | ||||
| South Africa | N | Extant | ||||
| South Korea | N | Extant | ||||
| South Sudan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Spain | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Sri Lanka | N | Extant | ||||
| St Barthelemy (to France) | N | Extant | ||||
| St Kitts and Nevis | N | Extant | ||||
| St Lucia | N | Extant | ||||
| St Martin (to France) | N | Extant | ||||
| St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| St Vincent and the Grenadines | N | Extant | ||||
| Sudan | N | Extant | ||||
| Suriname | N | Extant | ||||
| Sweden | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Switzerland | N | Extant | ||||
| Syria | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Taiwan, China | N | Extant | ||||
| Tajikistan | N | Extant | ||||
| Tanzania | N | Extant | ||||
| Thailand | N | Extant | ||||
| Timor-Leste | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Togo | N | Extant | ||||
| Trinidad and Tobago | N | Extant | ||||
| Tunisia | N | Extant | ||||
| Turkey | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Turkmenistan | N | Extant | ||||
| Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Uganda | N | Extant | ||||
| Ukraine | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| United Arab Emirates | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| United Kingdom | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | N | Extant | ||||
| Uruguay | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| USA | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Uzbekistan | N | Extant | ||||
| Venezuela | N | Extant | ||||
| Vietnam | N | Extant | ||||
| Virgin Islands (to UK) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Virgin Islands (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Western Sahara | N | Extant | ||||
| Yemen | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Zambia | N | Extant | ||||
| Zimbabwe | N | Extant |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Artificial/Aquatic - Aquaculture Ponds | suitable | resident |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Artificial/Aquatic - Canals and Drainage Channels, Ditches | suitable | resident |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Artificial/Aquatic - Water Storage Areas (over 8ha) | suitable | resident |
| Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level | suitable | resident |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes | suitable | resident |
| Marine Neritic | Estuaries | suitable | resident |
| Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | suitable | resident |
| Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | suitable | resident |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | suitable | resident |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | suitable | resident |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | suitable | resident |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | suitable | resident |
| Wetlands (inland) | Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands | suitable | resident |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | suitable | resident |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | suitable | resident |
| Altitude | 0 - 1000 m | Occasional altitudinal limits | (max) 4100 m |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Scale Unknown/Unrecorded | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Agriculture & aquaculture | Wood & pulp plantations - Scale Unknown/Unrecorded | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Unintentional effects (species is not the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Energy production & mining | Renewable energy | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Human intrusions & disturbance | Recreational activities | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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| Pollution | Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Past Impact | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pets/display animals, horticulture | - | - | International | Non-trivial | Recent | |
| Sport hunting/specimen collecting | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Pandion haliaetus. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 26/03/2023.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 26/03/2023.
