• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2016	Near Threatened	A2abce+3bce+4abce
2015	Near Threatened	A2abce+3bce+4abce
2012	Least Concern
2009	Least Concern
2008	Least Concern
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	Does not normally occur in forest
Land mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	31,900,000	medium
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2)	42,000,000	medium
Number of locations		-
Fragmentation		-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals		poor	estimated	2012
Population trend	Decreasing		suspected	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)	20-29	-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)	20-29	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations		-	-	-
Largest subpopulations		-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	9	-	-	-

Population justification: The global population is estimated to number c. 5,600,000-10,500,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2012).  The European population is estimated at 1,590,000-2,580,000 pairs, which equates to 3,190,000-5,170,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015).

Trend justification: The overall population trend is decreasing, although some populations have unknown trends (Wetlands International 2015).  In Europe, trends since 1980 show that populations have undergone a moderate decline (p<0.01), based on provisional data for 21 countries from the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (EBCC/RSPB/BirdLife/Statistics Netherlands; P. Vorisek in litt. 2008); this is supported by recent data from Europe, suggesting the European population is decreasing by 30-49% in 27 years (three generations) (BirdLife International 2015).  A strong decline is also reported for the European and western Asian population between 1988 and 2012, based on annual mid-winter counts (Nagy et al. 2014).  No recent trend data is available for the two other flyway populations (breeding in southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and northern China and wintering in southern and eastern Asia [Wetlands International 2015]).

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Afghanistan	N	Extant			Yes
Albania	N	Extant	Yes
Algeria	N	Extant
Antigua and Barbuda	V	Extant
Armenia	N	Extant	Yes
Austria	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Azerbaijan	N	Extant	Yes
Bahamas	V	Extant
Bahrain	N	Extant			Yes
Bangladesh	N	Extant
Barbados	V	Extant
Belarus	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Belgium	N	Extant	Yes
Bermuda (to UK)	V	Extant
Bhutan	N	Extant
Bosnia and Herzegovina	N	Extant	Yes
Brunei	V	Extant
Bulgaria	N	Extant	Yes
Canada	V	Extant
Cape Verde	V	Extant
China (mainland)	N	Extant
Croatia	N	Extant	Yes
Cyprus	N	Extant			Yes
Czech Republic	N	Extant	Yes			Yes
Denmark	N	Extant	Yes			Yes
Dominica	V	Extant
Egypt	N	Extant
Estonia	N	Extant	Yes			Yes
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	N	Extant	Yes
Finland	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
France	N	Extant	Yes			Yes
Gambia	V	Extant
Georgia	N	Extant
Germany	N	Extant	Yes			Yes
Gibraltar (to UK)	N	Extant
Greece	N	Extant	Yes			Yes
Greenland (to Denmark)	V	Extant
Guadeloupe (to France)	V	Extant
Hong Kong (China)	N	Extant
Hungary	N	Extant	Yes
Iceland	N	Extant		Yes
India	N	Extant
Iran, Islamic Republic of	N	Extant	Yes
Iraq	N	Extant			Yes
Ireland	N	Extant	Yes
Israel	N	Extant			Yes
Italy	N	Extant	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Japan	N	Extant
Jordan	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Kazakhstan	N	Extant		Yes
Kenya	V	Extant
Kuwait	N	Extant			Yes
Kyrgyzstan	N	Extant		Yes
Laos	N	Extant
Latvia	N	Extant	Yes
Lebanon	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Libya	N	Extant
Liechtenstein	N	Extant		Yes
Lithuania	N	Extant	Yes
Luxembourg	N	Extant	Yes
Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of	N	Extant	Yes
Malta	N	Extant			Yes
Martinique (to France)	V	Extant
Mauritania	N	Extant
Moldova	N	Extant	Yes			Yes
Mongolia	N	Extant		Yes
Montenegro	N	Extant	Yes
Montserrat (to UK)	V	Extant
Morocco	N	Extant
Myanmar	N	Extant
Nepal	N	Extant
Netherlands	N	Extant	Yes
North Korea	N	Extant
Norway	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Oman	N	Extant			Yes
Pakistan	N	Extant
Palestinian Authority Territories	N	Extant			Yes
Poland	N	Extant	Yes			Yes
Portugal	N	Extant	Yes
Puerto Rico (to USA)	V	Extant
Qatar	N	Extant			Yes
Romania	N	Extant	Yes			Yes
Russia	N	Extant	Yes	Yes		Yes
Russia (Asian)	N	Extant		Yes
Russia (Central Asian)	N	Extant		Yes
Russia (European)	N	Extant	Yes			Yes
Saudi Arabia	N	Extant			Yes
Senegal	V	Extant
Serbia	N	Extant	Yes
Slovakia	N	Extant	Yes
Slovenia	N	Extant	Yes			Yes
South Korea	N	Extant
Spain	N	Extant	Yes
St Kitts and Nevis	V	Extant
St Lucia	V	Extant
St Pierre and Miquelon (to France)	V	Extant			Yes
St Vincent and the Grenadines	V	Extant
Sudan	V	Extant			Yes
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	V	Extant
Sweden	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Switzerland	N	Extant	Yes
Syria	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Taiwan, China	N	Extant
Tajikistan	V	Extant
Thailand	N	Extant
Tunisia	N	Extant
Turkey	N	Extant	Yes
Turkmenistan	N	Extant		Yes
Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK)	V	Extant
Ukraine	N	Extant	Yes			Yes
United Arab Emirates	N	Extant			Yes
United Kingdom	N	Extant	Yes			Yes
USA	V	Extant
Uzbekistan	N	Extant		Yes
Vietnam	N	Extant
Yemen	V	Extant			Yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Austria	Southern Seewinkel and Zitzmannsdorfer Wiesen
China (mainland)	Barkol Lake and grassland
China (mainland)	Desert and wetland from Northern Urumqi to Dabancheng
China (mainland)	Ebi Nur and Kuytun River
China (mainland)	Lower reaches of Tarim River
China (mainland)	Oasis, Desert and Wetland at Mosuowan
China (mainland)	Ulungur Hu and Jili Hu (Fu Hai)
France	Vallée de l'Aisne
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Anzali Mordab complex
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Arjan Protected Area
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Bandar Kiashar lagoon and mouth of Sefid Rud
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Fereidoonkenar marshes
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Gomishan marshes and Turkoman steppes
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Izeh and Sheikho lakes
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Lake Bibishervan and Lake Eymar
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Lake Uromiyeh
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Miankaleh Peninsula and Gorgan Bay
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Seyed Mohalli, Zarin Kola and Larim Sara
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Shur Gol, Yadegarlu and Dorgeh Sangi lakes
Israel	Jezre'el, Harod and Bet She'an valleys
Israel	Judean foothills
Israel	Western Negev
Israel	Zevulun valley
Mongolia	Airag Lake
Mongolia	Airkhan Lake
Mongolia	Buir Lake
Mongolia	Dashinchilen Bayan Lake
Mongolia	Dayan Lake
Mongolia	Khar Lake
Mongolia	Khar Us Lake
Mongolia	Khoton-Khorgon Lakes
Mongolia	Khukh Lake
Mongolia	Mongol Daguur
Mongolia	Ogii Lake
Mongolia	Tashgain Tavan Lakes
Mongolia	Terkhiin Tsagaan Lake
Mongolia	Teshigiin Olon Lakes
Mongolia	Tolbo Lake
Mongolia	Tsengeleg Lakes
Mongolia	Ulziitiin Sangiin Dalai Lake
Mongolia	Uvs Lake
Mongolia	Uvsiin Khar Lake
Mongolia	Valleys of Khurkh-Khuiten Rivers
Norway	Jæren
Russia (Asian)	Balaganskaya steppe
Russia (Asian)	Khadyn lake
Russia (Asian)	Lower Tumen river
Russia (European)	Suskanski Bay of Kuybyshev Resrvoir
Slovenia	Ljubljansko moor
Slovenia	River Drava

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Arable Land	suitable	breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Arable Land	suitable	non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Pastureland	suitable	breeding
Grassland	Temperate	suitable	breeding
Marine Intertidal	Mud Flats and Salt Flats	suitable	non-breeding
Shrubland	Temperate	suitable	breeding
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases		Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Unspecified species	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic species/disease of unknown origin - Named species - Clostridium botulinum	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Viral/prion-induced diseases - Named species - Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1 subtype)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality
Natural system modifications		Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Natural system modifications	Dams & water management/use - Abstraction of surface water (unknown use)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Pollution	Industrial & military effluents - Oil spills	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Species mortality

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Food - human	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent
Pets/display animals, horticulture	-	-		International	Non-trivial	Recent
Sport hunting/specimen collecting	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2018) Species factsheet: Vanellus vanellus. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 21/07/2018. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2018) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 21/07/2018.