Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | Near Threatened | A2abce+3bce+4abce |
| 2015 | Near Threatened | A2abce+3bce+4abce |
| 2012 | Least Concern | |
| 2009 | Least Concern | |
| 2008 | Least Concern | |
| 2004 | Least Concern | |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type | Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 31,900,000 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 42,000,000 | medium |
| Number of locations | - | |
| Severely Fragmented | - |
| Value | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | poor | estimated | 2012 | |
| Population trend | Decreasing | suspected | - | |
| Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | 20-29 | - | - | - |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | 20-29 | - | - | - |
| Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Percentage in largest subpopulation | - | - | - | |
| Generation length (yrs) | 9 | - | - | - |
Population justification: The global population is estimated to number c. 5,600,000-10,500,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2012). The European population is estimated at 1,590,000-2,580,000 pairs, which equates to 3,190,000-5,170,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015).
Trend justification: The overall population trend is decreasing, although some populations have unknown trends (Wetlands International 2015). In Europe, trends since 1980 show that populations have undergone a moderate decline (p<0.01), based on provisional data for 21 countries from the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (EBCC/RSPB/BirdLife/Statistics Netherlands; P. Vorisek in litt. 2008); this is supported by recent data from Europe, suggesting the European population is decreasing by 30-49% in 27 years (three generations) (BirdLife International 2015). A strong decline is also reported for the European and western Asian population between 1988 and 2012, based on annual mid-winter counts (Nagy et al. 2014). No recent trend data is available for the two other flyway populations (breeding in southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and northern China and wintering in southern and eastern Asia [Wetlands International 2015]).
| Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Albania | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Algeria | N | Extant | ||||
| Antigua and Barbuda | V | Extant | ||||
| Armenia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Austria | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Azerbaijan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Bahamas | V | Extant | ||||
| Bahrain | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Bangladesh | N | Extant | ||||
| Barbados | V | Extant | ||||
| Belarus | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Belgium | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Bermuda (to UK) | V | Extant | ||||
| Bhutan | N | Extant | ||||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Brunei | V | Extant | ||||
| Bulgaria | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Canada | V | Extant | ||||
| Cape Verde | V | Extant | ||||
| China (mainland) | N | Extant | ||||
| Croatia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Cyprus | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Czechia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Denmark | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Dominica | V | Extant | ||||
| Egypt | N | Extant | ||||
| Estonia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Faroe Islands (to Denmark) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Finland | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| France | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Gambia | V | Extant | ||||
| Georgia | N | Extant | ||||
| Germany | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Gibraltar (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Greece | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Greenland (to Denmark) | V | Extant | ||||
| Guadeloupe (to France) | V | Extant | ||||
| Hong Kong (China) | N | Extant | ||||
| Hungary | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Iceland | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| India | N | Extant | ||||
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Iraq | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Ireland | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Israel | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Italy | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Japan | N | Extant | ||||
| Jordan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Kazakhstan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Kenya | V | Extant | ||||
| Kuwait | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Kyrgyzstan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Laos | N | Extant | ||||
| Latvia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Lebanon | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Libya | N | Extant | ||||
| Liechtenstein | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Lithuania | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Luxembourg | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Malta | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Martinique (to France) | V | Extant | ||||
| Mauritania | N | Extant | ||||
| Moldova | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Mongolia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Montenegro | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Montserrat (to UK) | V | Extant | ||||
| Morocco | N | Extant | ||||
| Myanmar | N | Extant | ||||
| Nepal | N | Extant | ||||
| Netherlands | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| North Korea | N | Extant | ||||
| North Macedonia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Norway | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Oman | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Pakistan | N | Extant | ||||
| Palestine | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Poland | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Portugal | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Puerto Rico (to USA) | V | Extant | ||||
| Qatar | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Romania | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Russia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Russia (Asian) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia (Central Asian) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia (European) | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Saudi Arabia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Senegal | V | Extant | ||||
| Serbia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Slovakia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Slovenia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| South Korea | N | Extant | ||||
| Spain | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| St Kitts and Nevis | V | Extant | ||||
| St Lucia | V | Extant | ||||
| St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| St Vincent and the Grenadines | V | Extant | ||||
| Sudan | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway) | V | Extant | ||||
| Sweden | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Switzerland | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Syria | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Taiwan, China | N | Extant | ||||
| Tajikistan | V | Extant | ||||
| Thailand | N | Extant | ||||
| Tunisia | N | Extant | ||||
| Turkey | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Turkmenistan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK) | V | Extant | ||||
| Ukraine | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| United Arab Emirates | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| United Kingdom | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| USA | V | Extant | ||||
| Uzbekistan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Vietnam | N | Extant | ||||
| Yemen | V | Extant | Yes |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | suitable | breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | suitable | non-breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Pastureland | suitable | breeding |
| Grassland | Temperate | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Mud Flats and Salt Flats | suitable | non-breeding |
| Shrubland | Temperate | suitable | breeding |
| Altitude | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Whole (>90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 7 | ||||||
|
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| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Unspecified species | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic species/disease of unknown origin - Clostridium botulinum | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Viral/prion-induced diseases - Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1 subtype) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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| Natural system modifications | Dams & water management/use - Abstraction of surface water (unknown use) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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| Natural system modifications | Other ecosystem modifications | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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| Pollution | Industrial & military effluents - Oil spills | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food - human | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent | ||
| Pets/display animals, horticulture | - | - | International | Non-trivial | Recent | |
| Sport hunting/specimen collecting | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2022) Species factsheet: Vanellus vanellus. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 22/05/2022.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2022) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 22/05/2022.
