Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
---|---|---|
- | D | D1+2 |
Year | Category | Criteria |
---|---|---|
2018 | Endangered | D |
2016 | Critically Endangered | C2a(ii) |
2015 | Critically Endangered | C2a(ii) |
2013 | Critically Endangered | C2a(ii) |
2012 | Critically Endangered | C2a(ii) |
2010 | Critically Endangered | C2a(ii) |
2009 | Critically Endangered | C2a(ii) |
2008 | Critically Endangered | |
2005 | Critically Endangered | |
2004 | Critically Endangered | |
2000 | Critically Endangered | |
1996 | Critically Endangered | |
1994 | Critically Endangered | |
1988 | Threatened |
Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Does not normally occur in forest |
Land mass type |
Land-mass type - continent |
Average mass | 1202 g |
Estimate | Data quality | |
---|---|---|
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 203,000 | medium |
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 617,000 | medium |
Number of locations | 2-5 | - |
Severely Fragmented | - |
Value | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of mature individuals | 200-249 | good | estimated | 2006 |
Population trend | Stable | medium | suspected | - |
Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | - | - | - | |
Number of subpopulations | 2 | - | - | - |
Percentage in largest subpopulation | 95-99 | - | - | - |
Generation length (yrs) | 8 | - | - | - |
Population justification: In Souss-Massa National Park and Tamri, Morocco in 2015, 116 pairs raised 205 fledglings with a total of 580 individuals present at the end of the breeding season (Oubrou and El Bekkay 2015). In 2014, 115 pairs produced 192 young which went on to fledge (Oubrou and El Bekkay 2014). In 2013, 113 pairs (i.e. 226 mature individuals) nested, out of 319 adults, and produced 148 fledged young with a total of 443 birds at the end of the breeding season (Oubrou and El Bekkay 2013, J. F. Orueta in litt. 2016). In 2011, 110 pairs produced 138 fledged young (J. F. Orueta in litt. 2016), matching the breeding success of 2010, when 105 pairs fledged 138 young (R. Grimmett in litt. 2011). After the breeding season the total number of birds in the western population may have exceeded 500 in 2011-2012 (IAGNBI 2012), and almost reached 600 individuals in 2015 (Oubrou and El Bekkay 2015). Only a single mature female returned to Syria in 2013 (C. Bowden in litt. 2013) and again in 2014, but reportedly no birds returned in 2015 (Serra 2015). The last successful breeding record in Syria is from 2011 when a single breeding pair fledged two young (R. Grimmett in litt. 2011). The Turkish population now numbers around 100 individuals (IAGNBI 2012), but these managed birds are excluded from the total estimate. The species is considered Regionally Extinct in Europe (BirdLife International 2015).
Trend justification: The Moroccan population underwent a catastrophic reduction in the mid-1990s, but has since increased steadily. Serra (2003) provides reasonable evidence, including testimonies of local people, that in Syria the species was still common 20 years ago and possibly quite abundant 30 years ago. Colonies of several hundred probably existed up until 1980. Although the Turkish population may now be recovering to similar levels as ten or more years ago, this heavily managed population is excluded from the overall trends; as are the reintroduced populations in Austria, Germany and Spain. Overall, though, the current trend is tentatively suspected to be stable.
Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algeria | V | Extant | Yes | |||
Cape Verde | V | Extant | ||||
Egypt | V | Extinct | ||||
Eritrea | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Ethiopia | N | Extinct | Yes | |||
Germany | V | Extant | ||||
Iraq | N | Possibly Extinct | ||||
Israel | N | Extinct | Yes | Yes | ||
Jordan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Mali | V | Extant | ||||
Mauritania | V | Extant | ||||
Montenegro | V | Extant | ||||
Morocco | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Portugal | V | Extant | ||||
Saudi Arabia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Senegal | N | Extinct | Yes | |||
Serbia | V | Extant | ||||
Somalia | V | Extant | ||||
Spain | V | Extant | ||||
Sudan | N | Extinct | Yes | |||
Switzerland | N | Extinct | Yes | |||
Syria | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Turkey | R | Extant | Yes | |||
Western Sahara | V | Extant | ||||
Yemen | N | Extant | Yes | Yes |
Country/Territory | IBA Name |
---|---|
Syria | Ibis Protected Area |
Morocco | Oued Matil: Ksob |
Morocco | Tamri and Imsouane |
Morocco | Tarhazoute |
Morocco | Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou |
Turkey | Karkamış |
Saudi Arabia | National Wildlife Research Center and environs, Taif |
Yemen | Ta'izz wadis |
Yemen | Al-Kadan area |
Turkey | Southern Euphrates Valley and Birecik Plains |
Syria | Tadmur desert and mountains |
Algeria | El Bayadh |
Morocco | Côte Imsouane - Taghazout |
Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
---|---|---|---|
Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | major | non-breeding |
Artificial/Terrestrial | Pastureland | major | non-breeding |
Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) | Caves | suitable | breeding |
Grassland | Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude | suitable | non-breeding |
Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands | suitable | breeding |
Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks) | major | breeding | |
Shrubland | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | major | non-breeding |
Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | suitable | resident |
Altitude | 0 - 1400 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Shifting agriculture | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Future | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 3 | ||||||
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Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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Agriculture & aquaculture | Livestock farming & ranching - Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Rapid Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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Climate change & severe weather | Droughts | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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Human intrusions & disturbance | Recreational activities | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Likely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
|
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Human intrusions & disturbance | War, civil unrest & military exercises | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
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Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Corvus ruficollis | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Neophron percnopterus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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Natural system modifications | Dams & water management/use - Dams (size unknown) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Unlikely to Return | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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Natural system modifications | Other ecosystem modifications | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Rapid Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
|
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Pollution | Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Future | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 3 | ||||||
|
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Pollution | Agricultural & forestry effluents - Type Unknown/Unrecorded | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Likely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Rapid Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
|
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Residential & commercial development | Housing & urban areas | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Rapid Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food - human | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent | ||
Pets/display animals, horticulture | - | - | International | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2022) Species factsheet: Geronticus eremita. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 28/05/2022.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2022) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 28/05/2022.