• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note

Ceyx lepidus, C. margarethae, C. wallacii, C. cajeli, C. solitarius, C. dispar, C. mulcatus, C. sacerdotis, C. meeki, C. collectoris, C. nigromaxilla and C. gentianus (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as C. lepidus following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2022	Near Threatened	B1b(ii,iii); C2a(ii)
2016	Near Threatened	C2a(ii)
2014	Near Threatened	C2a(ii)

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	Medium
Land mass type		Average mass	19 g

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	2,600
Number of locations		-
Severely Fragmented		-

	Value	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals	1100-5600, 2500-5000	poor	inferred	2022
Population trend	Decreasing		suspected	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)		-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Percentage in largest subpopulation	100	-	-	-

Population justification: The population size has not been estimated following recent taxonomic splits, but the species occurs at low densities (G. Dutson in litt. 2012) and the overall population is presumed to be moderately small. On neighbouring New Guinea, C. solitarius has been recorded at densities of 10 birds/km² (Bell 1982). Approximately 1,700 km² of forest cover remained on Manus in 2021; consequently, assuming a comparable density and an occupancy rate of 10–50%, the population is inferred to be 1,700–8,500 birds, or 1,100–5,600 mature individuals, with a best estimate of 2,500–5,000 mature individuals. Confirmation and clarification on this total is urgently needed.

Trend justification:

The island of Manus is rarely visited by ornithologists, hence a direct population decline has never been elucidated. However, the population is suspected to be slowly declining on the basis of forest loss on the island, the rate of which is estimated at c.2% over the past ten years (data from Global Forest Watch 2022, using Hansen et al. [2013] data and methods disclosed therein).

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Papua New Guinea	N	Extant	Yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Plantations	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Shrubland	Subtropical/Tropical Moist	suitable	resident
Wetlands (inland)	Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls)	suitable	resident
Altitude	0 - 718 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Shifting agriculture	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Ceyx dispar. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 29/03/2023. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 29/03/2023.