• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	C2a(ii)	C2a(i,ii); D1

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2022	Endangered	C2a(ii)
2016	Endangered	C2a(ii)
2013	Endangered	C2a(ii)
2012	Endangered	C2a(ii)
2008	Endangered	C2a(ii)
2006	Endangered
2004	Endangered
2000	Endangered
1996	Endangered
1994	Endangered
1988	Threatened

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	low
Land-mass type	Land-mass type - shelf island	Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	310,000	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Value	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Number of mature individuals	630-1900	medium	estimated	2022
Population trend	decreasing	poor	inferred	2012-2024
Decline % (10 years/3 generations future)	10-25	-	-	-
Decline % (10 years/3 generations past and future)	10-25	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Percentage in largest subpopulation	100	-	-	-
Generation length (years)	3.8	-	-	-

Population justification: The total population is estimated at between 630-1,900 mature individuals, based on an assessment of survey data at key sites (R. Rabarisoa in litt. 2022) and the area of suitable mangrove habitat within the range (Bunting et al. 2018). This value is similar to the population size in 2002, thought to be 1,500-2,500 individuals (H.G. Young in litt. 2002) roughly equivalent to 1,000-1,700 mature individuals. Survey information from ASITY Madagascar (R. Rabarisoa in litt. 2022) supplied maximum counts for the sites targeted for survey for the species, and additional counts for other important sites. For the Mahavavy Kinkony Wetland Complex (surveyed between 2004 and 2019) the maximum count was 353 (in 2011), while for Mangoky Ihotry Wetland Complex (2005 to 2019) the maximum was 110 in 2005, with a population of between 400-450 individuals present regularly between these two major sites (R. Rabarisoa in litt. 2022). Additional sites surveyed were Mahajamba (mangroves and estuaries) with a maximum count of 319 individuals in 2018; Besalampy (mangroves), 116 individuals in 2018; Riv Loza (mangroves), 32 individuals in 2020 and Baie de Bombetoka (mangrove), 30 individuals in 2021. The summed total of the maximum counts is 897-960. These sites are considered likely to support most of the population and include more than 50% of the extent of mangrove in patches that are larger than just channel-side vegetation (based on the mapped extent of mangroves from Global Mangrove Watch v2.0, Bunting et al. [2018]). As such, a reasonable assumption would be to assume the total population size is no greater than double this value. The maximum population size would be that based on the assumption that these surveys recorded only mature individuals, hence 1,794-1,920 mature individuals as a range for the maximum population size, rounded to 1,800-1,900 mature individuals. A more precautionary assumption would be to use a standard proportion of two-thirds of the sampled population were mature individuals, giving an upper range of 1,200-1,270 mature individuals. Considering the minimum bound, there are individuals at several more mangrove areas, but a minimum number for these is uncertain. Hence to encompass all likely values, the minimum bound is set as the maximum counted number, rounded to 950 individuals hence equivalent to 630 mature individuals.

Trend justification: This species' population is inferred to be decreasing overall in line with extensive habitat loss and disturbance throughout its breeding range, exacerbated by hunting at both breeding and moulting sites. At monitored sites, numbers have not shown a rapid reduction over the past 25 years, although this may in part be due to the immigration of individuals from disturbed areas (Razafindrajao et al. 2017). Between 1950-1994, 60% of wetlands were lost across Madagascar (Kull 2012), equating to a rate of loss of 16% over three generations. Razafindrajao et al. (2017) states that the non-protected habitat is being cleared rapidly, and this species may be impacted by hunting. A greater proportion of the mangrove habitat is now protected hence it may be the case that current and future overall rates of wetland habitat loss within the range are lower. In addition, the generation length of the species has been revised following the methods of Bird et al. (2020) resulting in a reduction in the period over which a reduction is calculated. The population is now suspected to be declining at a moderate rate of 10-25% over three generations based on the recorded rate of past conversion (Kull 2012, Razafindrajao et al. 2017).

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Madagascar	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Madagascar	Coastal area East of Antsiranana
Madagascar	Ambavanankarana wetland
Madagascar	Port-Bergé Wetlands NPA and extension
Madagascar	Bombetoka Bay - Marovoay NPA
Madagascar	Mahavavy - Kinkony wetlands NPA
Madagascar	Baly Bay National Park
Madagascar	Tambohorano Wetland NPA
Madagascar	Bemamba Wetland Complex
Madagascar	Manambolomaty wetland complex and Tsimembo Classified Forest
Madagascar	Wetlands of the Tsiribihina delta and upper Tsiribihina river
Madagascar	Kirindy Mite National Park and extension

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level	major	breeding
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Coastal/Supratidal	Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes	major	resident
Marine Neritic	Estuaries	major	resident
Savanna	Moist	suitable	non-breeding
Wetlands (inland)	Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)	major	resident
Wetlands (inland)	Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)	major	resident
Wetlands (inland)	Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls)	suitable	resident
Altitude	0 - 200 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Marine & freshwater aquaculture - Subsistence/artisinal aquaculture	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Human intrusions & disturbance	Work & other activities	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Species disturbance
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Competition

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Food - human	-	-			non-trivial	recent
Pets/display animals, horticulture	-	-		international	non-trivial	recent
Sport hunting/specimen collecting	-	-			non-trivial	recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Anas bernieri. Downloaded from http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/madagascar-teal-anas-bernieri on 26/09/2023. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://datazone.birdlife.org on 26/09/2023.