• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2018	Least Concern
2016	Least Concern
2012	Least Concern
2009	Least Concern
2008	Least Concern
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	Does not normally occur in forest
Land mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	8,990,000	medium
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2)	20,500,000	medium
Number of locations		-
Fragmentation		-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals		poor	estimated	1996
Population trend	Decreasing		suspected	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)		-	-	-
Number of subpopulations		-	-	-
Largest subpopulations		-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	15	-	-	-

Population justification: The global population is estimated to number c.16,000,000-36,000,000 individuals (del Hoyo et al. 1996). However the European population alone was recently estimated at 9,200,000-82,000,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015), therefore, the global population is likely to be considerably larger than the current estimate.

Trend justification: The population trend is decreasing in North America (based on BBS/CBC data: Butcher and Niven 2007). The European population trend is unknown (BirdLife International 2015).

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Austria	V	Extant
Bahamas	N	Extant
Belgium	N	Extant			Yes
Bermuda (to UK)	N	Extant
Canada	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Cuba	N	Extant
Czechia	V	Extant
Denmark	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	N	Extant			Yes
Finland	V	Extant
France	N	Extant			Yes
Germany	N	Extant
Gibraltar (to UK)	V	Extant
Greenland (to Denmark)	N	Extant	Yes
Iceland	N	Extant	Yes
Ireland	N	Extant
Italy	V	Extant
Latvia	V	Extant
Malta	V	Extant
Netherlands	N	Extant			Yes
Norway	N	Extant
Poland	V	Extant
Portugal	N	Extant			Yes
Russia	N	Extant		Yes
Russia (Asian)	N	Extant		Yes
Russia (European)	N	Extant		Yes
Spain	N	Extant
St Pierre and Miquelon (to France)	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	N	Extant		Yes
Sweden	N	Extant			Yes
Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK)	N	Extant
Ukraine	V	Extant
United Kingdom	N	Extant			Yes
USA	N	Extant		Yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Greenland (to Denmark)	Assissut (Braendvinsskaerene) near Kronprinsens Ejland
Greenland (to Denmark)	Kitsissunnguit (Grønne Ejland)
Greenland (to Denmark)	Kap Brewster and Volquart Boon's coast
Greenland (to Denmark)	Liverpool Land coast and mouth of Scoresby Sund
United Kingdom	Scapa Flow
United Kingdom	Sounds around Wyre
Greenland (to Denmark)	Coastline from Robertson fjord to Foulke Fjord
Greenland (to Denmark)	Northumberland island
Greenland (to Denmark)	Coast between Appaliarsulissuaq and Kap Atholl
Denmark	Skagerrak-Southwest Norwegian trench
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	Bjørnøya (Bear Island)
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	Inner parts of Kongsfjorden
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	South Spitsbergen National Park
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	Ingeborgfjellet
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	Jan Mayen island
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	Hopen island
Russia (European)	Arkhangelskaya Bay
France	Cap Gris-nez
Canada	Grates Point
Canada	Lancaster Sound Polynya
Canada	Brier Island and Offshore Waters
Greenland (to Denmark)	Kap Brewster and Volquart Boon's coast - Marine
Greenland (to Denmark)	Saunders island / Coast between Appaliarsulissuaq and Kap Atholl - Marine
Greenland (to Denmark)	Coastline from Robertson fjord to Foulke Fjord - Marine
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	Kvalhovden & Sjukovskifjella
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	Alkhornet
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	Nordre Isfjorden
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	Southeast Svalbard Nature Reserve
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	Northwest Spitsbergen National Park

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Marine Coastal/Supratidal	Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands	major	breeding
Marine Intertidal	Rocky Shoreline	major	breeding
Marine Intertidal	Tidepools	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Macroalgal/Kelp	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Macroalgal/Kelp	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Seagrass (Submerged)	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Seagrass (Submerged)	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Sandy	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Sandy	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Sandy-Mud	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Sandy-Mud	major	breeding
Marine Oceanic	Epipelagic (0-200m)	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Oceanic	Epipelagic (0-200m)	suitable	breeding
Marine Oceanic	Mesopelagic (200-1000m)	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Oceanic	Mesopelagic (200-1000m)	suitable	breeding
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use	Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation
Climate change & severe weather	Temperature extremes	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Energy production & mining	Oil & gas drilling	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation
Pollution	Industrial & military effluents - Oil spills	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Species mortality

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Food - human	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2020) Species factsheet: Alle alle. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 28/11/2020. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2020) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 28/11/2020.