• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Climate Change maps
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2021	Least Concern
2016	Least Concern
2013	Least Concern
2012	Least Concern
2009	Least Concern
2008	Least Concern
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	low
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	42,800,000 km2	medium
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding)	18,200,000 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	67000-670000 mature individuals	poor	suspected	2009
Population trend	decreasing	-	suspected	-
Generation length	5 years	-	-	-

Population justification: Ferguson-Lees and Christie (2001) place the global population in the band 100,001-1,000,000 individuals, which roughly equates to 67,000-670,000 mature individuals. The European population is estimated at 840-1,700 mature individuals (BirdLife International in prep.). Europe forms a very small proportion of the global range (approximately 1%).

Trend justification: The species is declining in Europe owing to persecution, collecting of eggs and chicks for falconry, collisions with wind turbines, habitat loss, and nest-site competition with Peregrine Falcons (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001; De Rosa 2019; Keller et al. 2020). Particularly notable declines have occurred in former strongholds such as Italy and Turkey, as well as in the West Balkans and Greece (Keller et al. 2020; Di Vittorio et al. 2017). Exploitation for falconry may also be causing declines in breeding populations in Saudi Arabia  (Binothman 2016). Declines of 38% (equivalent to 18.9% over three generations) were recorded outside of protected areas during road surveys in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger in 1969-1973 and 2003-2004, but there was no significant decline within protected areas (Thiollay 2006). There was no significant decline detected during road surveys in Northern Cameroon in 1973 and 2000. There are reports of declines in North Africa (Corso 2018), but a regional Red List assessment carried out in 2020 categorised the species as Least Concern, despite local declines in Libya and Egypt. Localised declines in southern Africa have been linked to poisoning by pesticides (Global Raptor Information Network 2015). 

Despite these local declines, there is no evidence for population decline across the rest of the species's range, therefore the global population is suspected to be declining at a rate of <20% over three generations.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Albania	extant	native	yes
Algeria	extant	native	yes
Angola	extant	native	yes
Armenia	extant	native	yes
Azerbaijan	extant	native	yes
Benin	extant	native	yes
Bosnia and Herzegovina	extant	native	yes		yes
Botswana	extant	native	yes
Bulgaria	extant	native	yes
Burkina Faso	extant	native	yes
Burundi	extant	native	yes
Cameroon	extant	native	yes
Central African Republic	extant	native	yes
Chad	extant	native	yes
Congo	extant	vagrant			yes
Congo, The Democratic Republic of the	extant	native	yes
Côte d'Ivoire	extant	native	yes
Croatia	extant	native	yes		yes
Cyprus	extant	vagrant			yes
Czechia	extant	vagrant			yes
Djibouti	extant	native	yes
Egypt	extant	native	yes		yes
Eritrea	extant	native	yes
Eswatini	extant	native	yes
Ethiopia	extant	native	yes
France	extant	vagrant			yes
Gabon	extant	vagrant			yes
Gambia	extant	native	yes
Georgia	extant	native	yes
Ghana	extant	native	yes
Gibraltar (to UK)	extant	vagrant			yes
Greece	extant	native	yes			yes
Guinea	extant	native	yes
Guinea-Bissau	extant	native	yes
Iran, Islamic Republic of	extant	native	yes
Iraq	extant	vagrant			yes
Israel	extant	native	yes
Italy	extant	native	yes		yes
Jordan	extant	native	yes
Kenya	extant	native	yes
Kuwait	extant	vagrant			yes
Lebanon	extant	native	yes		yes	yes
Lesotho	extant	native	yes
Liberia	extant	native	yes
Libya	extant	native	yes
Malawi	extant	native	yes
Mali	extant	native	yes
Malta	extant	vagrant			yes
Mauritania	extant	native	yes
Montenegro	extant	native	yes		yes
Morocco	extant	native	yes
Mozambique	extant	native	yes
Namibia	extant	native	yes
Niger	extant	native	yes
Nigeria	extant	native	yes
North Macedonia	extant	native	yes
Oman	extant	native			yes
Palestine	extant	native	yes
Portugal	extant	vagrant			yes
Qatar	extant	uncertain
Romania	extant	vagrant			yes
Russia	extant	native	yes
Russia (European)	extant	native	yes
Rwanda	extant	native	yes
Saudi Arabia	extant	native	yes
Senegal	extant	native	yes
Serbia	extant	native	yes		yes
Sierra Leone	extant	native	yes
Slovakia	extant	vagrant			yes
Somalia	extant	native	yes
South Africa	extant	native	yes
South Sudan	extant	native	yes
Spain	extant	vagrant			yes
Sudan	extant	native	yes
Syria	extant	native				yes
Tanzania	extant	native	yes
Togo	extant	native	yes
Tunisia	extant	native	yes
Türkiye	extant	native	yes
Uganda	extant	native	yes
United Arab Emirates	extant	vagrant			yes
Western Sahara	extant	native	yes
Yemen	extant	native	yes
Zambia	extant	native	yes
Zimbabwe	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Greece	Mount Asterousia (Kofinas), Crete
Greece	Mounts Orliakas and Tsourgiakas
Greece	Mount Vourinos
Greece	Kalamaki gorge and Zarkou mountains
Greece	Mount Othrys
Greece	Rodopos peninsula, Crete
Greece	Kato Olympos, Tempi gorge and mount Ossa
Greece	Mount Kerketio (Koziakas)
Greece	Mount Mavrovouni, Larisa
Greece	Mount Itamos
Greece	Barbas and Klokos mountains and Selinountas gorge
Greece	Western, eastern and southern Rhodes
Italy	Sirente, Velino and Duchessa mountains
Israel	Judean desert
Israel	Western Negev
Israel	Cliffs of Zin and the Negev highlands
Israel	Southern Arava valley and Elat mountains
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Lake Uromiyeh
Jordan	Burqu'
Palestine	Jericho
Palestine	Jerusalem wilderness
Syria	Jabal al-Bilas
Syria	Tadmur desert and mountains
Yemen	Al-Murah
Yemen	Jabal Sumarah
Yemen	High mountains of Ibb
Yemen	Ta'izz wadis
Yemen	Ma'rib - Naqil Fardah - Baraqish
North Macedonia	Tikvesh Region
North Macedonia	Mariovo
Türkiye	Göksu Valley
Türkiye	Alaçatı
Türkiye	Bolkar Mountains
Italy	Albegna river valley
Italy	Sibillini mountains
Italy	Maiella, Pizzi and Frentani mountains
Italy	Gran Sasso and Laga mountains
Italy	Matese
Italy	Mount Cervati
Italy	Murge
Italy	Gravine
Italy	Gargano Promontory and Capitanata Wetlands
Italy	Agri Valley
Italy	Alto Ionio Cosentino
Italy	Marchesato and River Neto
Italy	Nebrodi
Italy	Mount Cofano, Cape San Vito and Mount Sparagio
Italy	Madonie
Italy	Biviere and Plain of Gela
North Macedonia	River Topolka-river Babuna-river Bregalnica
North Macedonia	Osogovo Mountains
North Macedonia	River Pchinja-river Petroshnica-river Kriva Reka
North Macedonia	Gradsko-Rosoman-Negotino
Italy	Sicani mountains, Rocca Busambra and Ficuzza forest

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Plantations	suitable	resident
Artificial/Terrestrial	Urban Areas	suitable	resident
Desert	Hot	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	suitable	resident
Grassland	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	suitable	resident
Grassland	Temperate	suitable	resident
Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)		suitable	resident
Savanna	Dry	suitable	resident
Shrubland	Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation	suitable	resident
Altitude	0 - 2500 m	Occasional altitudinal limits	(max) 5000 m

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Agriculture & aquaculture	Wood & pulp plantations - Agro-industry plantations	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Energy production & mining	Mining & quarrying	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Energy production & mining	Renewable energy	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Human intrusions & disturbance	Recreational activities	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species disturbance
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Falco peregrinus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Competition
Natural system modifications	Fire & fire suppression - Increase in fire frequency/intensity	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Pollution	Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Species mortality
Residential & commercial development	Housing & urban areas	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem conversion
Transportation & service corridors	Roads & railroads	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Transportation & service corridors	Utility & service lines	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Pets/display animals, horticulture	-	-		international	non-trivial	recent
Sport hunting/specimen collecting	-	-			non-trivial	recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Falco biarmicus. Downloaded from http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/lanner-falcon-falco-biarmicus on 28/11/2023.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://datazone.birdlife.org on 28/11/2023.