• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note

Lonchura oryzivora (del Hoyo and Collar 2016) was previously placed in the genus Padda following AOU (1998 & supplements); Christidis & Boles (2008); Dowsett & Forbes-Watson (1993); SACC (2005 & updates); Sibley & Monroe (1990, 1993).

Taxonomic source(s)
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: #http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm#.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	C2a(i)	C2a(i)

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2021	Endangered	C2a(i)
2018	Endangered	C2a(i)
2016	Vulnerable	A2bde+3bde+4bde
2012	Vulnerable	A2bde+3bde+4bde
2008	Vulnerable	A2b,d,e; A3b,d,e; A4b,d,e; C1
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	Does not normally occur in forest
Land mass type	Land-mass type - shelf island	Average mass	25 g

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	148,000	medium
Number of locations	11-100	-
Severely Fragmented		-

	Value	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals	1000-2499	poor	estimated	2008
Population trend	Decreasing	poor	inferred	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)		-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	2-100	-	-	-
Percentage in largest subpopulation	1-89	-	-	-

Population justification: The number of individuals has been estimated for about half of the global distribution, the central and eastern Java populations. These number 299-889 individuals, most likely not exceeding 1,000 individuals (Yuda 2008). Even though the potentially larger subpopulation on Bali is not included in this estimate, it is very likely that the global population does not exceed 1,500-3,750 individuals in total. The population size is therefore placed in the band of 1,000-2,499 mature individuals. Throughout its range, the population is highly fragmented.

Trend justification: A rapid and on-going population decline is inferred on the basis of trapping pressure from the Asian songbird trade. The rate of the reduction is suspected to have been very rapid for a time between the 1960s and 1980s (BirdLife International 2001), and the species disappeared from many previously occupied sites during this period. Muchtar and Nurwatha (2001) revisited 64 known sites, finding the species still present at only 17. In Yogyarkarta province, surveys in 2017-18 of previously occupied sites revealed the loss of the species from 9/14 sites, several of which held the species at least as recently as 2005 (Rosyadi et al. 2019).

Yuda (2008) estimated that 38% of adults had been trapped in both 2004 and 2005 in central and eastern Java, a rate considered sufficient to drive rapid population reductions despite the species reasonably high fecundity. On Bali, rates of trapping are uncertain, as are the trends in trapping across the range. Many are bred in captivity and this makes estimating the scale and impact of trapping from the wild population highly uncertain. It is inferred that the current rates are sufficient to be driving a continuing population decline, but the rate of this decline is presently unknown.

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Brunei	I	Extant	Yes
Christmas Island (to Australia)	I	Extant	Yes
Fiji	I	Extant	Yes
Indonesia	N	Extant	Yes
Malaysia	I	Extant	Yes
Mexico	I	Extant	Yes
Philippines	I	Extant	Yes
Puerto Rico (to USA)	I	Extant	Yes
Sri Lanka	I	Extant	Yes
USA	I	Extant	Yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Arable Land	suitable	resident
Artificial/Terrestrial	Rural Gardens	suitable	resident
Artificial/Terrestrial	Urban Areas	suitable	resident
Grassland	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	suitable	resident
Savanna	Dry	suitable	resident
Shrubland	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	suitable	resident
Altitude	0 - 500 m	Occasional altitudinal limits	(max) 1500 m

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Competition
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Passer montanus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Competition
Pollution	Agricultural & forestry effluents - Type Unknown/Unrecorded	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Residential & commercial development	Commercial & industrial areas	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species disturbance, Species mortality

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Food - human	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent
Pets/display animals, horticulture	-	-		International	Non-trivial	Recent
Sport hunting/specimen collecting	-	-		International	Non-trivial	Recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2022) Species factsheet: Lonchura oryzivora. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 03/07/2022. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2022) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 03/07/2022.