Data Zone
Taxonomic note
Circus cyaneus and C. hudsonius (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as C. cyaneus following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).
Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Least Concern | |
| 2016 | Least Concern | |
| 2014 | Least Concern |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Low |
| Land mass type | Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 34,800,000 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 52,200,000 | medium |
| Number of locations | - | |
| Severely Fragmented | - |
| Value | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | 330000-512000 | suspected | 2021 | |
| Population trend | Decreasing | suspected | - | |
| Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | - | - | - | |
| Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Percentage in largest subpopulation | - | - | - | |
| Generation length (yrs) | 6.19 | - | - | - |
Population justification: The European population is estimated at 56,300-86,600 breeding females, which equates to 112,000-174,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International in prep.). Europe forms approximately 34% of the global range, so the global population size is suspected to number 330,000-512,000 mature individuals, although further validation of this estimate is needed.
Trend justification: The population trend is difficult to determine because of uncertainty over the impacts of habitat modification on population sizes. The overall trend in Europe is uncertain (BirdLife International in prep.), but is suspected to be decreasing as declines have been reported across several European countries (Fernandez-Bellon et al. 2020). The species's European range has also contracted over the last few decades (Keller et al. 2020). The trend in Asian Russia is unknown.
| Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Albania | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Algeria | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Andorra | V | Extant | ||||
| Armenia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Austria | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Azerbaijan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Bahrain | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Bangladesh | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Belarus | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Belgium | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Bhutan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Bulgaria | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Cambodia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| China (mainland) | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Croatia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Cyprus | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Czechia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Denmark | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Egypt | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Estonia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Finland | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| France | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Georgia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Germany | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Gibraltar (to UK) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Greece | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Hong Kong (China) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Hungary | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Iceland | V | Extant | ||||
| India | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Iraq | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Ireland | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Israel | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Italy | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Japan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Jordan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Kazakhstan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Kuwait | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Kyrgyzstan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Laos | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Latvia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Lebanon | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Libya | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Liechtenstein | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Lithuania | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Luxembourg | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Malaysia | V | Extant | ||||
| Malta | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Moldova | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Mongolia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Montenegro | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Morocco | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Myanmar | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Nepal | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Netherlands | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| North Korea | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| North Macedonia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Norway | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Oman | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Pakistan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Palestine | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Poland | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Portugal | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Qatar | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Romania | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Russia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Russia (Asian) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia (Central Asian) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia (European) | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Saudi Arabia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Senegal | V | Extant | ||||
| Serbia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Singapore | V | Extant | ||||
| Slovakia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Slovenia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| South Korea | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Spain | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Sudan | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Sweden | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Switzerland | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Syria | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Taiwan, China | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Tajikistan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Thailand | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Tunisia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Turkey | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Turkmenistan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Ukraine | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| United Arab Emirates | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| United Kingdom | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Uzbekistan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Vietnam | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Yemen | V | Extant | Yes |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | suitable | resident |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Pastureland | suitable | resident |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Plantations | suitable | breeding |
| Forest | Boreal | suitable | breeding |
| Grassland | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | suitable | non-breeding |
| Grassland | Temperate | suitable | resident |
| Shrubland | Boreal | suitable | breeding |
| Shrubland | Temperate | suitable | resident |
| Wetlands (inland) | Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands | suitable | resident |
| Altitude | 0 - 3000 m | Occasional altitudinal limits | (max) 5000 m |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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| Agriculture & aquaculture | Wood & pulp plantations - Agro-industry plantations | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Sus scrofa | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Natural system modifications | Dams & water management/use - Abstraction of surface water (unknown use) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Natural system modifications | Fire & fire suppression - Increase in fire frequency/intensity | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pets/display animals, horticulture | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent | ||
| Sport hunting/specimen collecting | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Circus cyaneus. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 25/03/2023.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 25/03/2023.
