Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
---|---|---|
- | - | - |
Year | Category | Criteria |
---|---|---|
2018 | Least Concern | |
2016 | Least Concern | |
2012 | Least Concern | |
2009 | Least Concern | |
2008 | Least Concern | |
2004 | Least Concern | |
2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
Migratory status | not a migrant | Forest dependency | Does not normally occur in forest |
Land mass type | Average mass | 292 g |
Estimate | Data quality | |
---|---|---|
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 225,000 | medium |
Number of locations | - | |
Severely Fragmented | - |
Value | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of mature individuals | poor | estimated | 2009 | |
Population trend | Increasing | suspected | - | |
Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | - | - | - | |
Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
Percentage in largest subpopulation | - | - | - | |
Generation length (yrs) | 10.9 | - | - | - |
Trend justification: The overall population trend is increasing, although some populations have unknown trends (Delany and Scott 2006).
Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Namibia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
South Africa | N | Extant | Yes |
Country/Territory | IBA Name |
---|---|
Namibia | Lüderitz Bay islands |
South Africa | Orange River Mouth Wetlands |
South Africa | Verlorenvlei Estuary |
South Africa | Berg River Estuary |
South Africa | West Coast National Park and Saldanha Bay islands |
South Africa | Dassen Island |
South Africa | Robben Island |
South Africa | Rietvlei Wetland: Table Bay Nature Reserve |
South Africa | False Bay Nature Reserve |
South Africa | Dyer Island Nature Reserve |
South Africa | Bird Island / Dassen Island / Heuningnes river and estuary system / Lower Berg river wetlands - Marine |
Namibia | Sperrgebiet - Marine |
South Africa | Cape Whale Coast |
Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
---|---|---|---|
Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Artificial/Aquatic - Canals and Drainage Channels, Ditches | suitable | resident |
Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Artificial/Aquatic - Salt Exploitation Sites | suitable | resident |
Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Artificial/Aquatic - Wastewater Treatment Areas | suitable | resident |
Artificial/Terrestrial | Urban Areas | suitable | resident |
Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes | suitable | resident |
Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Coastal Freshwater Lakes | suitable | resident |
Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands | suitable | resident |
Marine Intertidal | Mud Flats and Salt Flats | suitable | resident |
Marine Intertidal | Rocky Shoreline | suitable | resident |
Marine Intertidal | Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc | suitable | resident |
Marine Intertidal | Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches | suitable | resident |
Marine Neritic | Estuaries | major | resident |
Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | major | resident |
Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | major | resident |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | major | resident |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | major | resident |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | major | resident |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | major | resident |
Altitude | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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Climate change & severe weather | Storms & flooding | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Future | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 3 | ||||||
|
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Climate change & severe weather | Temperature extremes | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Future | Whole (>90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Clostridium botulinum | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Future | Minority (<50%) | Rapid Declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Cynictis penicillata | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Herpestes pulverulentus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Vulpes chama | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Larus hartlaubii. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 30/03/2023.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 30/03/2023.