Data Zone
Taxonomic note
Onychoprion lunatus (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus Sterna as S. lunata.
Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2018 | Least Concern | |
| 2016 | Least Concern | |
| 2012 | Least Concern | |
| 2009 | Least Concern | |
| 2008 | Least Concern | |
| 2004 | Least Concern | |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| Migratory status | not a migrant | Forest dependency | Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type | Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 29,100,000 | |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 45,900,000 | |
| Number of locations | - | |
| Severely Fragmented | - |
| Value | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | poor | estimated | 2009 | |
| Population trend | Decreasing | suspected | - | |
| Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | - | - | - | |
| Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Percentage in largest subpopulation | - | - | - | |
| Generation length (yrs) | 12 | - | - | - |
Population justification: The population is estimated at 100,000-1,000,000 individuals.
Trend justification: The population is suspected to be in decline owing to predation at breeding sites (del Hoyo et al. 1996).
| Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American Samoa | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Cook Islands | U | Extant | ||||
| Fiji | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| French Polynesia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Indonesia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Japan | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Kiribati | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Marshall Islands | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Micronesia, Federated States of | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Nauru | U | Extant | ||||
| Niue (to New Zealand) | U | Extant | ||||
| Northern Mariana Islands (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Palau | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Papua New Guinea | U | Extant | ||||
| Pitcairn Islands (to UK) | U | Extant | ||||
| Samoa | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Solomon Islands | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Tokelau (to New Zealand) | U | Extant | ||||
| Tonga | U | Extant | ||||
| Tuvalu | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| USA | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Vanuatu | U | Extant | ||||
| Wallis and Futuna Islands (to France) | U | Extant |
| Country/Territory | IBA Name |
|---|---|
| French Polynesia | Hatu iti |
| French Polynesia | Tetiaroa |
| Kiribati | Malden Island |
| French Polynesia | Manuae, Motu One et Maupihaa |
| Northern Mariana Islands (to USA) | Guguan Island |
| Kiribati | McKean Island |
| Kiribati | Abariranga (Canton) Island |
| Kiribati | Enderbury Island |
| Kiribati | Rawaki (Phoenix Island) |
| Kiribati | Kiritimati (Christmas Island) |
| American Samoa | National Park of American Samoa - Tutuila |
| French Polynesia | Vallée de Avera |
| USA | Northwestern Hawaiian Islands |
| French Polynesia | Tikehau |
| French Polynesia | Hatuta'a |
| American Samoa | Rose Atoll |
| French Polynesia | Tahanea |
| Kiribati | Starbuck Island |
| French Polynesia | Ilots rocheux de Ua Huka |
| French Polynesia | Ua Huka |
| French Polynesia | Ilots rocheux de Ua Pou |
| French Polynesia | Fakarava Atolls |
| French Polynesia | Haraiki |
| French Polynesia | Hatu iti |
| Marshall Islands | Enewetok Atoll |
| Marshall Islands | Bokak Atoll |
| Marshall Islands | Bikar Atoll |
| United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | Wake Island |
| United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | Baker Island |
| United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | Howland Island |
| United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | Johnston Atoll |
| United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | Jarvis Island |
| Kiribati | Phoenix Islands Marine |
| Northern Mariana Islands (to USA) | Guguan Island Marine |
| Kiribati | Malden Island Marine |
| Tokelau (to New Zealand) | Atafu |
| Northern Mariana Islands (to USA) | Uracus |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands | major | breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Rocky Shoreline | major | breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc | major | breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches | major | breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Tidepools | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | suitable | resident |
| Marine Neritic | Pelagic | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | suitable | resident |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | suitable | resident |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | suitable | resident |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | suitable | resident |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | suitable | resident |
| Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks) | suitable | breeding | |
| Altitude | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Named species | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Rapid Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Onychoprion lunatus. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 26/03/2023.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 26/03/2023.
