LC
Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons



Taxonomy

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

IUCN Red List criteria met and history
Red List criteria met
Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable
- - -

Red List history
Year Category Criteria
2022 Least Concern
2016 Least Concern
2012 Least Concern
2009 Least Concern
2008 Least Concern
2004 Least Concern
2000 Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994 Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988 Lower Risk/Least Concern
Species attributes

Migratory status full migrant Forest dependency does not normally occur in forest
Land-mass type Average mass -
Range

Estimate Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) 25,700,000 km2 medium
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding) 88,800,000 km2 medium
Severely fragmented? no -
Population
Estimate Data quality Derivation Year of estimate
Population size 5000000-5999999 mature individuals poor estimated 2022
Population trend unknown - - -
Generation length 8.7 years - - -

Population justification: The European breeding population is estimated at 280,000-331,000 pairs, which equates to 560,000-662,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2021). Across its North American range, newer information suggests that the species numbers 4,300,000 mature individuals, where conversions have already taken place to estimate the number of breeding adults (Partners in Flight 2021). In East Asia, the population across South Korea, Japan and China are thought to number 231,000-283,000 individuals (Jia et al. 2016), roughly converted to 154,000-189,000 mature individuals. To account for additional population structures across the species' flyways (per Wetlands International 2022), a revised global population estimate is therefore placed in the band of 5,000,000-5,999,999 mature individuals.

Trend justification: The overall population trend is uncertain, as some populations are decreasing, while others are stable, increasing or have unknown trends (Wetlands International 2022). This species has undergone a large and statistically significant increase over the last 40 years in North America (Partners in Flight 2021). In Europe the population size is estimated to be stable (BirdLife International 2021).


Country/territory distribution
Country/Territory Presence Origin Resident Breeding visitor Non-breeding visitor Passage migrant
Afghanistan extant native yes
Albania extant native yes
Armenia extant native yes
Aruba (to Netherlands) extant vagrant
Austria extant native yes
Azerbaijan extant native yes
Belarus extant native yes
Belgium extant native yes
Belize extant vagrant
Bermuda (to UK) extant vagrant
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (to Netherlands) extant vagrant
Bosnia and Herzegovina extant native yes
Bulgaria extant native yes
Canada extant native yes
China (mainland) extant native yes
Croatia extant native yes
Cuba extant vagrant
Curaçao (to Netherlands) extant vagrant
Cyprus extant vagrant
Czechia extant native yes
Denmark extant native yes
Egypt extant vagrant
Faroe Islands (to Denmark) extant vagrant
Finland extant native yes
France extant native yes
Germany extant native yes
Greece extant native yes
Greenland (to Denmark) extant native yes
Hungary extant native yes
Iceland extant native yes
India extant native yes
Iran, Islamic Republic of extant native yes
Iraq extant native yes
Ireland extant native yes
Israel extant native
Italy extant native yes
Japan extant native yes
Jordan extant vagrant yes
Kazakhstan extant native yes
Kuwait extant vagrant
Kyrgyzstan extant native yes
Latvia extant native yes
Lebanon extant native yes
Libya extant vagrant
Liechtenstein extant vagrant
Luxembourg extant vagrant
Malta extant vagrant
Mauritania extant vagrant
Mexico extant native yes
Montenegro extant native yes
Morocco extant vagrant
Myanmar extant vagrant
Netherlands extant native yes
Niger extant vagrant
Nigeria extant vagrant
North Korea extant native yes
North Macedonia extant native yes
Norway extant native yes
Oman extant vagrant
Pakistan extant native yes
Palestine extant native yes
Poland extant native yes
Portugal extant vagrant
Qatar extant vagrant
Romania extant native yes
Russia extant native yes yes yes
Russia (Asian) extant native yes yes
Russia (Central Asian) extant native yes yes
Russia (European) extant native yes
Saudi Arabia extant vagrant
Serbia extant native yes
Sint Maarten (to Netherlands) extant vagrant
Slovakia extant native yes
Slovenia extant native yes
South Korea extant native yes
Spain extant vagrant
St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) extant vagrant
Sudan extant vagrant
Sweden extant native yes
Switzerland extant native yes
Syria extant native yes
Taiwan, China extant vagrant
Tajikistan extant vagrant
Tunisia extant vagrant
Türkiye extant native yes
Turkmenistan extant native yes
Ukraine extant native yes
United Arab Emirates extant vagrant
United Kingdom extant native yes
USA extant native yes yes yes
Uzbekistan extant native yes
Yemen extant vagrant

Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA)
Country/Territory IBA Name
Czechia Nove Mlyny middle reservoir
Greenland (to Denmark) Naternaq (Lersletten)
Greenland (to Denmark) Eqalummiut Nunaat-Nassuttuup Nunaa
Greenland (to Denmark) Itinneq
Belarus Mid Prypiac'
Estonia Põhja-Liivimaa
Latvia Ziemelu bogs
Iceland Ferjubakkafloi-Holmavad
Iceland Osasvædi Olfusar
Iceland Pollengi-Hrosshagavik
Iceland Vetleifsholtsbugar-Thykkvabæjarvatn
Iceland Oddaflod-Lambhagavatn
Iceland Skumsstadavatn
Belgium Zwin
Belgium Polderkomplex
Belgium Krekengebied
Türkiye Işıklı Lake
Türkiye Akşehir and Eber Lakes
Türkiye Çöl Lake and Çalıkdüzü
Türkiye Kulu Lake
Türkiye Karapınar Plain
Türkiye Eşmekaya Marshes
Türkiye Tersakan Lake
Hungary Hódmezővásárhely Pusztas
Hungary Csanád Pusztas
Russia (European) Flood-plain of Kotorosl' and Ust'e rivers
Russia (European) Budnyanski mire
Russia (European) Zavoronezhski area
Russia (European) Olonets plain
Russia (European) Vorono-Khoperski area
Russia (European) Khaypudyrskaya Bay (Islands of B. Zelenets, Dolgi, Matveyev)
Russia (European) Kargopol' area
Russia (European) Flood-plain of Kostroma river
Russia (European) Lake Lacha
Russia (European) Rybinsk reservoir
Russia (European) Stakhovski marshes
Russia (European) Upper Mologa river (lake Verestovo)
Russia (European) Savtsinskoye marsh
Russia (European) Orshinski marshes
Russia (European) Flood-plain of Iput' river in vicinity of Krutoyar
Russia (European) Flood-plain of Iput' river in vicinity of Kholevichami
Russia (European) Desna flood-plain near Trubchevsk
Russia (European) Valley complex of Moksha and Oka rivers
Russia (European) Shilovo flood-plain of Oka river
Russia (European) Izhevsk flood-plain of Oka river
Russia (European) Solotcha flood-plain of Oka river
Russia (European) Oka valley in vicinity of Murmino
Russia (European) Shalkaro-Zhetykol'ski lake system
Russia (European) Moksha valley in vicinity of Temnikov
Russia (European) Moksha flood-plain in vicinity of Krasnoslobodsk
Russia (European) Vaygach island
Russia (European) Cheremshanski Bay of Kuybyshev Reservoir
Russia (European) Russki Zavorot Peninsula and eastern part of Malozemelskaya Tundra
Ukraine Utlyuk lyman
Ukraine Sasyk lake
Ukraine River Danube
Ukraine Kugurluj and Kartal lakes
Ukraine Shagany-Alibej-Burnas lake-system
Ukraine Molochnyj Liman
Ukraine Yagorlyts'ka and Tendrivs'ka Bays
Ukraine Tyligul's'kyj lyman
Ukraine Syvash Bay
Ukraine Dnipro delta
Ukraine Askania-Nova Biosphere Reserve
Ukraine Kytaj lake
Ukraine Stentsivs'ko-Zhebriyanivs'ki plavni
Ukraine Korostushevskoe Game Reserve
Ukraine Ikva river valley
Greenland (to Denmark) Itsako
Austria Southern Seewinkel and Zitzmannsdorfer Wiesen
Germany Zerbster Land
Germany Aland-Elbe lowlands
Germany Elbe lowlands Jerichow
Germany Oberlausitz heathland and fishponds biosphere reserve
Germany Lower Rhine
Germany Lowlands of middle Havel
Germany Oberes Rhinluch / Havelländisches Luch Nauen-Friesack
Germany Schorfheide-Chorin
Germany Unteres Rhinluch-Dreetzer See / Havelländisches Luch / Belziger Landschaftswiesen
Germany Lower Elbe valley
Germany Lauenburgische Seen Nature Park and Schaalsee area
Greenland (to Denmark) Aqajarua-Sullorsuaq (Mudderbugten and Kvandalen)
Estonia Räpina polder
Lithuania Flooded meadows arround the Senoji & Naujoji Rusne lakes
Ukraine Agricultural lands near Bilorets'ke (Chornozemne village)
Ukraine Kakhovs'ke reservoir (Energodar)
Ukraine Chauda
Ukraine Uzunlars'ke lake
Ukraine Sul's'ka bay
Iraq Huweija marshes
Iran, Islamic Republic of Nowruzlu and Ghazanlu
Iran, Islamic Republic of Anzali Mordab complex
Iran, Islamic Republic of Fereidoonkenar marshes
Iran, Islamic Republic of Dasht-e-Moghan
Iran, Islamic Republic of Dez river marshes and plains
Iran, Islamic Republic of Karun river marshes
Iran, Islamic Republic of Lake Uromiyeh
Iran, Islamic Republic of Arjan Protected Area
Iran, Islamic Republic of Lake Bakhtegan, Lake Tashk and Kamjan marshes
Russia (European) Issinski
China (mainland) Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Dongting Hu wetlands
North Korea Onchon field
North Korea Daedong Bay
North Korea Ongjin Bay
North Korea Panmun field
North Korea Lake Manpo and Lake Bonpo
North Korea Orangchon River estuary
North Korea Lake Kwangpo
North Korea Kumya Bay
South Korea Han-gang estuary
South Korea Cheolwon basin
Japan Lake Kabukurinuma
Japan Izunuma and nearby lakes
Japan Lake Kejonuma
Japan Otomonuma reservoir
Japan Hachirogata
Japan Tokachi coastal lakes
Japan Kyu-Osatsunuma
Japan Middle Ishikari River basin
Japan Lakes Asahiike and Unoike
Japan Lake Shinjiko
Japan Lake Utonai, Yufutu plain
Japan Mukawa
Japan Mawarizeki and Sunazawa reservoir
Japan Katano-Kamoike
Japan Lower Kuzuryugawa
North Korea Lake Samilpo
Russia (Asian) Arkhara lowlands
Russia (Asian) Lebediny refuge (Markovo depression)
Russia (Asian) Meinypylginski and Kapylgyn lakes
Russia (Asian) Manily lakes
Russia (Asian) Bolon' lake
Russia (Asian) Malakchan bay
Russia (Asian) Lower Nizhnyaya Taymyra river
Russia (Asian) Forty Islands
Russia (Asian) Nevskoye Lake
Russia (Asian) San-Yuryakh
Russia (Asian) Zhupanovskiy lagoon
Russia (Asian) Kharchinskoye lake
Russia (Asian) North-east Sakhalin lagoons
Russia (Asian) Lower Anadyr lowlands
Russia (Asian) Kanchalan river basin
Russia (Asian) Keremesit-Sundrun watershed
Russia (Asian) Tyk and Viakhtu bays
Russia (Asian) Utkholok river
Russia (Asian) Malamvayam lagoon
South Korea Tidal flat area of southern Ganghwa-do island
South Korea Cheonsu Bay
South Korea Geum-gang river and estuary
South Korea Suncheon Bay
South Korea Gumi Haepyeong
South Korea Junam reservoir
Russia (Asian) Meechkyn spit and adjacent plain
Russia (Asian) Amur river mouth
Russia (Asian) Parapol'skiy valley
Belarus Cikiny astravy
Estonia Ropka-Ihaste
Estonia Võrtsjärv
Russia (European) Unskaya bay
Russia (European) Lysyi Liman lake and valley of Vostochniy Manych river
Russia (European) Dunilovskoye bog
Russia (European) Flood-plain of Yukhot' river
Russia (European) Varegovskoye bog
Russia (European) Kuloy river
Russia (Central Asian) Siverga lake
Russia (Central Asian) Gor'koye lake near Novotroitskoye village
Russia (Central Asian) Kaban'i lakes
Russia (Central Asian) Valley of the Yorkutayakha river
Russia (Central Asian) Dvuob'ye
Azerbaijan Aggyol
Russia (Central Asian) Lower Ob'
Russia (European) Lower Eruslan
Kazakhstan Naurzum State Nature Reserve
Russia (Central Asian) Upper and Middle Yuribey
Russia (European) Sura environs
Russia (European) Flood-plain of Algashka river (Kirsko-Algashinskaya)
Russia (Central Asian) Lower Yuribey
Canada Hay and Zama Lakes
Canada Oak Lake/Plum Lakes Area
Canada Mackenzie River Delta
Canada Kugaluk River
Canada Queen Maud Gulf
Canada Last Mountain Lake National Wildlife Area
Canada Luck Lake
Canada Galloway and Miry Bay
Lithuania Zuvintas Biosphere Reserve
Lithuania Nemunas delta regional Park
Lithuania The northern part of the Curonian Lagoon
Lithuania Kamanos Strict Nature Reserve
Lithuania Birveta Fish-farm including segments of Dysna River and Birveta River valleys
Bulgaria Shabla Lake Complex
Bulgaria Svishtov-Belene Lowland
Bulgaria Durankulak Lake
Bulgaria Srebarna
Bulgaria Mandra-Poda complex
Bulgaria Ovtcharitsa Reservoir
Bulgaria Malko Sharkovo reservoir
Bulgaria Atanasovsko Lake
Bulgaria Burgasko Lake
Bulgaria Kaliakra
Bulgaria Chairya
Bulgaria Straldzha Complex
Bulgaria Zhrebchevo Reservoir
Bulgaria Batova
Bulgaria Pyasachnik Reservoir
Slovakia Sysľovské fields
United Kingdom Kintyre Goose Roosts
United Kingdom Dyfi Estuary/Aber Dyfi
United Kingdom Coll
Kazakhstan Sarykopa Lake System
Kazakhstan Kulykol-Taldykol Lake System
Kazakhstan Zharkol Lakes
United Kingdom Eilean na Muice Duibh, Islay
United Kingdom Gruinart Flats
United Kingdom Laggan Peninsula
United Kingdom Loch of Inch and Torrs Warren
United Kingdom Pettigoe Plateau
United Kingdom Rinns of Islay
United Kingdom The Oa
Kazakhstan Koybagar-Tyuntyugur Lake System
Kazakhstan Kushmurun Lake
Russia (European) Floodplain of the Terek river near Staroshchedrinskaya
Kazakhstan Aksuat Lake
Kazakhstan Bolshoy Kak Lake
Russia (European) Kurnikov liman
Kazakhstan Terenkol Lake
Kazakhstan Maliy Kak Lake
Kazakhstan Sorbalyk-Maybalyk Lake System
Poland Warta River Mouth
Russia (European) Southern part of Chograiski reservoir
Russia (European) Dadynskiye lakes
Kazakhstan Akzhan Lake
Kazakhstan Sulukol Lake
Russia (European) Manychstroi area
Russia (European) Shalimovskoye bog
Kazakhstan Zhumay-Mayshukyr Lake System
Hungary Alkaline lakes of Kiskunság
Kazakhstan Kamyshovoe-Zhamankol Lakes
Türkiye Seyfe Lake
Russia (European) Kozinka lake and Baranikovski segment of Manych
Türkiye Tuz Lake
Syria Baath Lake
Hungary Lower Tisza Valley
Hungary Lake Balaton
Hungary Béda–Karapancsa
Hungary Lake Fertő
Hungary Gemenc
Hungary Hortobágy and Tisza-to
Russia (Central Asian) North flood-plain of the Ishim river
Russia (European) Kolguev island
Russia (European) Floodplain of Cheptsa river
Russia (European) Watershed of Kazanka and Shoshma rivers
Russia (European) Karabash-Kudashskaya forest-steppe
Russia (European) Downstream of Ik river
Russia (European) Chechen' Island and east seaside of Agrakhan peninsula
Russia (European) Kazachka
Russia (European) Agriculture lands of south and east of Novouzenski district
Russia (European) Manturovo left bank of the Unzha river
Russia (European) Steppes in the vicinity of Kanavka village
Russia (European) Floodplains of the Unzha river near Kologriv
Russia (European) Kologrivski forest
Russia (European) Bylinskaya
Russia (European) River Chernaya
Russia (European) Homeland of the Crane (Dubna marshes and adjacent areas)
USA Iditarod River Lowlands
Russia (European) Spassk flood-plain of Oka river
Germany Dollart
Germany Greifswalder Bodden
Germany Traveförde and Dassower See
Germany Elbe marshes between Stade and Otterndorf
Germany Elbe lowlands between Schnackenburg and Lauenburg
Germany Dümmer
Germany Steinhuder Meer
Germany Lakes of Schwerin, Dambeck and Warin
Germany Island of Usedom
Germany Schaalsee
Germany Lewitz
Germany Nossentiner-/Schwinzer Heide with Krakower Obersee and Plauer See
Germany Eastern shore of Lake Müritz, Grosser Schwerin and Steinhorn
Germany Southern Tollense basin
Germany Peenetal (Peenetalmoor and Anklamer Stadtbruch)
Germany Putzarer See, Galenbecker See, Brohmer Berge
Germany Ueckermünder Heide
Germany Rietzer See
Germany Lower Oder valley
Germany Lower Havel - Lake Schollene - Lake Gülpe
Germany Peitzer und Bärenbrücker Teiche
Germany Spreewald
Germany Märkische Schweiz
Germany Deichvorland Oderbruch
Germany Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park
Germany Rheiderland
Germany Ems valley between Leer and Emden
Germany Terborg
Germany Lower reaches of River Weser, unembanked area
Germany Lower reaches of River Weser, embanked area
Germany Valley of River Ems
Germany Jadebusen, inland
Germany Engerhafer Meede
Germany Fiener Bruch
Germany Gandersum/Lange Maar
Germany Usedom lagoon (Peenestrom, Achterwasser, Kleines Haff with Neuwarper See)
Germany Wismar bay and Salzhaff
Germany Coast and lagoons of Western Pomerania
Germany Surroundings of Dassower See
Germany Großer and Kleiner Jasmunder Bodden with Schmachter See and Nonnensee
Germany Lower reaches of river Warnow
Germany Conventer See
Germany Parumer See, Sumpfsee, Inselsee
Germany Breeser See
Germany Mecklenburgische Schweiz
Germany Recknitz and Trebel valley
Germany Elbe valley of Mecklenburg
Germany Mönchsee
Germany Torgelower See and Varchentiner See
Germany Alte Oder
Germany Gransee / Zehdenick / Schnelle Havel
Germany Grünewalder Lauch - Pulsnitzniederung
Germany Luckauer Becken
Germany Malxe lowlands / Lakomaer Teiche
Germany Oderbruch
Germany Pinneberg Elbe lowlands
Ireland Lough Iron and Glen Lough
Ireland River Foyle: Carrigans and Swilly Burn valleys
Ireland Lough Swilly including Blanket Nook and Inch Lake
Ireland Wexford Harbour and Slobs
Ireland River Little Brosna callows: New Bridge - River Shannon
Romania Braţul Borcea
Romania Danube Delta
Romania Jijiei şi Miletinului fish-ponds
Romania Grădiştea - Dridu
Romania Iezerul Călăraşi
Romania Lake Brateş
Romania Lake Dunăreni
Romania Lake Oltina
Romania Lake Strachina
Romania Lake Beibugeac (Plopu)
Romania Lake Techirghiol
Romania Olt valley
Romania Prut river flood-plain - Vlădeşti - Frumuşiţa
Romania Măxineni
Romania Ilfov reservoir
Romania Cefa fish-ponds and Radvani wood
Poland Pulwy Marshes
Poland Przysowia and Sludwia River valley
Hungary Lake Kis-Balaton
Hungary Sárvíz Valley
Hungary Kis-Sárrét
Hungary Velence Lake–Dinnyés Lake
Hungary Öreg Lake of Tata
Poland Lower Odra river valley
Poland Miedwie site
Poland Cedynia Site
Poland Vistula Lagoon
Poland Biebrza river valley
Poland Upper Narew River Valley
Poland Marshy valley of the Drweca river
Poland Notec river flood-plain
Poland Middle Notec River Valley
Poland Mala Welna River Valley
Poland Ner River Valley
Kazakhstan Kumdykol-Zharlykol Lake System
Kazakhstan Uyalyshalkar Lake System
Kazakhstan Korgalzhyn State Nature Reserve
Russia (Central Asian) Holes of the Karasuk river downstream
Slovenia River Drava
Kazakhstan Shagyrkol and Mamyrkol lakes
Kazakhstan Russkiy Zharkol
Iraq Dukan Lake
USA Quivira National Wildlife Refuge
USA Coastal Prairie
Azerbaijan Gizilagach
Netherlands Alde Feanen
Netherlands De Wieden
Netherlands Deelen
Netherlands Biesbosch
Netherlands Wonseradeel & Workum
Netherlands Lauwersmeer
Netherlands Leekstermeergebied
Netherlands Oostvaardersplassen
Netherlands Polder Zeevang
Netherlands Rijntakken
Netherlands Sneekermeergebied
Netherlands Witte en Zwarte Brekken
Netherlands Zwarte Meer
Netherlands Eempolders
Netherlands Gestuwde Maas
Netherlands Getijde - beïnvloede Maas
Netherlands Midden Delfland & Oude Leede
Netherlands Midden Limburgse Maasplassen
Netherlands Oenkerk, Giekerk e.o.
Netherlands Opsterland & Smallingerland
Netherlands Polders Ronde Hoep & Groot-Mijdrecht
Russia (European) Burukshunskiye limans
Russia (European) Delta of the River Don
Russia (European) Veselovskoye reservoir
Russia (European) Islands in the western part of Lake Manych-Gudilo
Serbia Labudovo okno
Serbia Pašnjaci Velike Droplje
Serbia Slano Kopovo
Serbia Srebrno jezero - Golubac
Serbia Vrsacki ritovi
Russia (Asian) West Chaun plain
Serbia Danube loess bluffs
Russia (Asian) Chelomdzha valley and Kava-Chelomdzha interfluve
Russia (Asian) Kolyma delta
Russia (Asian) Chaun delta
Russia (Asian) Abyy lowland
Russia (Asian) Mechigmenskiy Gulf
Russia (Asian) Khara-Tumus peninsula and Nordvik bay
Russia (Asian) Sibiryakova island
Russia (Asian) Gorbita river
Russia (Asian) Oleniy island and Yuratskaya bay
Russia (Asian) Pura river basin
Russia (Asian) Lower Verkhnyaya Taymyra river

Habitats & altitude
Habitat (level 1) Habitat (level 2) Importance Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial Arable Land suitable non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial Pastureland suitable non-breeding
Grassland Tundra suitable breeding
Marine Coastal/Supratidal Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes suitable non-breeding
Marine Neritic Estuaries suitable non-breeding
Wetlands (inland) Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands suitable non-breeding
Wetlands (inland) Tundra Wetlands (incl. pools and temporary waters from snowmelt) major breeding
Altitude 0 - 2500 m Occasional altitudinal limits  

Threats & impact
Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Species disturbance, Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather Habitat shifting & alteration Timing Scope Severity Impact
Future Whole (>90%) Unknown Unknown
Stresses
Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation
Energy production & mining Oil & gas drilling Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Causing/Could cause fluctuations Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Viral/prion-induced diseases - Unspecified species Timing Scope Severity Impact
Future Unknown Causing/Could cause fluctuations Unknown
Stresses
Species mortality
Natural system modifications Dams & water management/use - Abstraction of surface water (domestic use) Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Causing/Could cause fluctuations Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Pollution Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Causing/Could cause fluctuations Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation
Residential & commercial development Tourism & recreation areas Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Causing/Could cause fluctuations Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Species disturbance, Ecosystem conversion
Transportation & service corridors Shipping lanes Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Unknown Causing/Could cause fluctuations Unknown
Stresses
Species disturbance

Utilisation
Purpose Primary form used Life stage used Source Scale Level Timing
Food - human - - non-trivial recent
Sport hunting/specimen collecting - - non-trivial recent

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Anser albifrons. Downloaded from http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/greater-white-fronted-goose-anser-albifrons on 01/12/2023.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://datazone.birdlife.org on 01/12/2023.