• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2017	Near Threatened	A3cd
2016	Near Threatened	A3cd
2013	Near Threatened	A3cd
2012	Least Concern
2009	Least Concern
2008	Least Concern
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	Does not normally occur in forest
Land mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	10,500,000
Number of locations		-
Fragmentation		-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals				0
Population trend	Decreasing		suspected	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)	25-29	-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)	10-25	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations		-	-	-
Largest subpopulations		-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	10.5	-	-	-

Population justification: The population size has not been estimated here, but the species has been described as locally common (Hume and Kirwan 2017).

Trend justification: Precipitous declines have occurred in parts of South-East Asia, but trends in India, which now probably holds the bulk of the population, are less clear, making analysis of past population trends difficult. Nevertheless, the species is expected to undergo a moderately rapid reduction over the next three generations, as threats, such as dam construction and disturbance, increase in prevalence.

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Bangladesh	N	Extant			Yes
Cambodia	N	Extant	Yes
China (mainland)	N	Extant	Yes
India	N	Extant	Yes
Iran, Islamic Republic of	N	Extant	Yes
Laos	N	Extant	Yes
Myanmar	N	Extant	Yes
Nepal	N	Extant	Yes
Oman	V	Extant			Yes
Pakistan	N	Extant	Yes
Sri Lanka	N	Extant	Yes
Thailand	N	Extant	Yes
Vietnam	N	Extant	Yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Bahu Kalat (Gandu) Protected Area
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Chahbahar Bay and Khor Konarak
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Hormoz island
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Khor Jask
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Khouran Straits

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Grassland	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	marginal	resident
Marine Intertidal	Mud Flats and Salt Flats	marginal	resident
Marine Intertidal	Rocky Shoreline	marginal	resident
Marine Intertidal	Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc	marginal	resident
Marine Intertidal	Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches	marginal	resident
Wetlands (inland)	Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)	suitable	resident
Wetlands (inland)	Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls)	major	resident
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Human intrusions & disturbance	Recreational activities	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species disturbance
Human intrusions & disturbance	Work & other activities	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species disturbance
Natural system modifications	Dams & water management/use - Large dams	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem conversion

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Pets	Whole	Adults and juveniles	Wild	International	Non-trivial	Recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2019) Species factsheet: Esacus recurvirostris. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 23/07/2019. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2019) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 23/07/2019.