EN
Great Bustard Otis tarda



Taxonomy

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

IUCN Red List criteria met and history
Red List criteria met
Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable
- A3cd+4cd A2bcd+3cd+4cd

Red List history
Year Category Criteria
2023 Endangered A3cd+4cd
2017 Vulnerable A3cd+4cd
2016 Vulnerable A2cd+3cd+4cd
2012 Vulnerable A2cd+3cd+4cd
2008 Vulnerable A2c; A3c; A4c
2004 Vulnerable
2000 Vulnerable
1996 Vulnerable
1994 Vulnerable
1988 Threatened
Species attributes

Migratory status full migrant Forest dependency does not normally occur in forest
Land-mass type continent
Average mass -
Range

Estimate Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) 15,300,000 km2 medium
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding) 14,400,000 km2 medium
Severely fragmented? no -
Population
Estimate Data quality Derivation Year of estimate
Population size 29600-33000 mature individuals medium estimated 2023
Population trend decreasing medium estimated 2004-2040
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) 28-49% - - -
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) 50-79% - - -
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) 49-75% - - -
Generation length 11.8 years - - -
Number of subpopulations 5-100 - - -
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation 70-80% - - -

Population justification: Two revised estimates of the global population were published in 2022. Alonso and Palacín (2022) collated national estimates from across the species’ range, producing a total of 30,693–35,402 birds. Kessler (2022) did the same but included the results of more recent surveys in Asia and elsewhere, reporting a total of 29,060–32,449 birds. Combining these sources by using the most recent national estimates from them both, and an even more recent estimate from Morocco (Alonso et al. 2023), yields a figure of 29,638–33,027, rounded to a range of 29,600-33,000.
A breakdown of this total includes (broadly from west to east): for the western subspecies O. t. tarda, 72-78 birds in Morocco in 2022 (Alonso et al. 2023), 939 birds in Portugal in 2021 (Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas and Liga para a Protecção da Natureza 2018 [unpublished data]), 22,000-24,000 birds in Spain in 2019 (Palacín and Alonso 2021), 315 birds in Germany in 2022 (LIFE Great Bustard 2022), 634 birds in West Pannonia (which here includes Austria, western Hungary, and Slovakia) in 2022 (LIFE Great Bustard 2022), 1,495 individuals in East Pannonia (which here includes central and eastern Hungary, Romania and Serbia) in 2022 (LIFE Great Bustard 2022), 559-780 individuals in Türkiye in 2019 (Özgencil et al. 2022), 33-35 birds in Iran in 2016-2017 (Abdulkarimi 2022), 225-300 birds in Ukraine in 2015 (Andryushchenko 2009, Beskaravainyi 2015 per Kessler 2022), 1,870 birds in European Russia in 2021 (Oparina and Oparin 2021), 179-364 birds in Central Asia (including Asian Russia and Kazakhstan) in 2014-2016 (Kornev and Gavlyuk 2019, Rustamov 2022, Kashkarov et al. 2022, Muratov and Talbonov 2022, Kulagin 2022, Shakula et al. 2022a, Koshkin et al. 2022, Kessler and Bidashko 2022, Nefedov 2022, per Kessler 2022), and 17 individuals in north-west China in 2016 (Wang and Yang 2022); for the eastern subspecies O. t. dybowskii, 1,300-2,200 individuals across its range, which includes Mongolia, south-east Russia and northeast China (Kessler et al. 2021, Kessler and Batbayar 2023). Based on the above numbers, the species' Spanish population currently represents c. 74% of its global population size.
A reintroduction scheme is underway in the United Kingdom, with 67 individuals in 2021 (Kessler et al. 2021) and almost 100 individuals in 2022 (Great Bustard Group 2023), but this is currently considered a managed subpopulation and does not form part of the assessed population as yet.

Trend justification: Substantial evidence exists documenting the historical decline and disappearance of this species across much of its range, with recent data collated by Alonso and Palacín (2022) and Kessler (2022) confirming that this decline is continuing. Alonso and Palacín (2022) estimated that the global population declined by c. 34% (30–38%) between 2005 and 2018, with an annual rate of -3.23%; declines were highest in China and European Russia (89% and 72%, respectively), with significant declines also seen in Portugal (-50%), and in Spain (-28%). The latter was noted as an important change compared to previous national trend data which previously estimated the population in the country as either stable to slightly increasing. Repeating this analysis including the more updated national population estimates from Kessler (2022) yields a decline of c. 36% (25–46%) between 2004 and 2019, which equates to an annual decline of c. 3% (2–4%). Extrapolating this rate of decline to three generation lengths suggests a decrease of c. 65% (49–75%), however, these calculations assume that the rate of decline has been constant over time, which is not the case for this species. Similarly, in the species’ major eastern European stronghold, population declines accelerated to reach a rate of reduction of c. 70% (Andryushchenko 2020, Oparin and Oparina 2020).

The accelerating rate of decline in recent years means it is not justifiable to backcast current rates of decline into the past, but it is reasonable to extrapolate them into the future. As such, a rate of population reduction of 49–75% is assigned to the three-generation period between 2004 and 2040, and the range of 25-46% is kept for the past three generations.
Key threats, such as increased habitat degradation, fragmentation, and loss due to land use change and agricultural expansion and intensification, as well as unintentional poisoning and collisions with powerlines, have or are expected to increase in both Europe and Asia, and could be compounded by climate change (Kessler 2021, Kessler and Collar 2022, Kashkarov et al. 2023, Silva et al. 2023). Illegal hunting also remains a potent threat (Kessler 2022, Özgencil et al. 2022). Accordingly the current rate of decline is projected to continue into the future, at a rate of 50-79% over three generations.


Country/territory distribution
Country/Territory Presence Origin Resident Breeding visitor Non-breeding visitor Passage migrant
Afghanistan possibly extinct native yes
Albania extant vagrant
Algeria extinct uncertain
Armenia extant native yes
Austria extant native yes
Azerbaijan extant native yes
Belarus extinct native
Belgium extant vagrant
Bulgaria possibly extinct native yes
China (mainland) extant native yes yes yes yes
Croatia extant vagrant yes
Cyprus extant vagrant
Czechia extant native yes
Denmark extant vagrant
Egypt extant vagrant
Finland extant vagrant
France extant vagrant yes
Georgia extant native yes
Germany extant native yes
Gibraltar (to UK) extant vagrant
Greece extant vagrant yes
Hungary extant native yes
Iran, Islamic Republic of extant native yes
Iraq extant native yes
Ireland extant vagrant
Israel extant vagrant yes
Italy extant vagrant yes
Japan extant vagrant yes
Kazakhstan extant native yes yes yes
Kyrgyzstan extant native yes yes
Latvia extant vagrant
Lebanon extant vagrant yes
Luxembourg extant vagrant
Malta extant vagrant
Moldova extant native yes
Mongolia extant native yes yes
Morocco extant native yes
Myanmar extinct vagrant
Netherlands extant vagrant
North Korea extant vagrant yes
North Macedonia extant vagrant yes
Pakistan extant vagrant
Poland extinct native yes
Portugal extant native yes
Romania extant native yes
Russia extant native yes
Russia (Asian) extant native yes
Russia (Central Asian) extant native yes
Russia (European) extant native yes
Saudi Arabia extant vagrant yes
Serbia extant native yes yes
Slovakia extant native yes
South Korea extant vagrant yes
Spain extant native yes
Sweden extinct vagrant yes
Switzerland extinct vagrant yes
Syria possibly extinct native yes
Tajikistan extant native yes
Tunisia extant vagrant
Türkiye extant native yes yes yes
Turkmenistan extant native yes yes
Ukraine extant native yes yes
United Kingdom extinct native yes
Uzbekistan extant native yes yes

Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA)
Country/Territory IBA Name
Portugal Serra de Penha Garcia e Campina de Toulões
Portugal Évora plains
Portugal Alter do Chão
Portugal Mourão, Moura e Barrancos
Portugal Monforte plains
Portugal Castro Verde plains
Portugal Campo Maior
Russia (European) Valley of Safarovka river
Russia (European) Siniye mountains
Russia (European) Vicinity of Voznesensk village
Russia (European) Vorono-Khoperski area
Russia (European) Vicinity of Borisoglebovka (Saratovski [Semenovski] Reserve)
Russia (European) Dadynskiye lakes
Russia (European) Rovno area
Russia (European) Zhestyanka
Ukraine Syvash Bay
Ukraine Uzunlars'ke lake
Ukraine Bagerove
Austria Austrian part of Hanság
Germany Hellwegbörde
Germany Oberes Rhinluch / Havelländisches Luch Nauen-Friesack
Germany Schorfheide-Chorin
Morocco Oued Tahadart
Ukraine Agricultural lands near Bilorets'ke (Chornozemne village)
Ukraine Gajchur river valley
Ukraine Kakhovs'ke reservoir (Energodar)
Ukraine Yagorlyts'ka and Tendrivs'ka Bays
Ukraine Bilogir'ya
Ukraine Chauda
Iran, Islamic Republic of Lake Kobi
Iran, Islamic Republic of Nowruzlu and Ghazanlu
Iran, Islamic Republic of Rud-i Jowin and Rud-i Kalshur
Iran, Islamic Republic of Shirvan area
Iran, Islamic Republic of Tayebad plains at Ghoomi and Sarhad
Iran, Islamic Republic of Divandareh/Zarrineh Owbatu
Iran, Islamic Republic of Dasht-i Gaz
Iran, Islamic Republic of Plains near Ghorveh
Iran, Islamic Republic of Assadabad plain
Iran, Islamic Republic of Hashelan marsh and Doh Tappeh plains
Iran, Islamic Republic of Telesm plain
Iran, Islamic Republic of Lake Uromiyeh
Iran, Islamic Republic of Shur Gol, Yadegarlu and Dorgeh Sangi lakes
Iran, Islamic Republic of Gordeh Git and Mamiyand
Syria Ras al-Ayn
Syria Tual al-'Abba
Russia (European) Yeiski salt-lakes
China (mainland) Hala Hai
China (mainland) Zhalong Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Lianhuanhu Waterbird Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Heiyupao Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Melmeg (Momege) Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Beidagang
China (mainland) Chagan Hu Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Xianghai Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Dabusu Hu
China (mainland) Yaojingzi Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Yiwulü Shan Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Laotieshan
China (mainland) Dalai Nur Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Huihe Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Honggolj Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Tumuji Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Ulgai
China (mainland) Holqin Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Saihan Ul Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Bayan Obo Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Dali Nur Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Xilin Gol Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Daqinggou Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Caimushan Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Damaoqi
China (mainland) Ulansuhai Nur Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Burqin River and Kanas Lake
China (mainland) Altay forest and steppe
China (mainland) Ulungur Hu and Jili Hu (Fu Hai)
China (mainland) Burgen River Valley
China (mainland) Tacheng (Qoqek) area
China (mainland) Karamay desert and lakes
China (mainland) Baytik Shan
China (mainland) Sayram Nur
China (mainland) Mori Grassland
China (mainland) Qapqal grassland and wetland
China (mainland) Barkol Lake and grassland
China (mainland) Ili River basin
China (mainland) Gongliu spruce forest
China (mainland) Oasis and Desert in Hami
China (mainland) Ayding Kol
China (mainland) Mount Tuomuer Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Ulugqat grassland and wetland
China (mainland) Markit-Yarkant Oasis
China (mainland) Yinchuan plain
China (mainland) Helan Shan Nature Reserve (Ningxia)
China (mainland) Minqin
China (mainland) Loess Plateau in western Gansu
China (mainland) Beidaihe
China (mainland) Qilihai Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Tuanbowa Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Binzhou coastal islands
China (mainland) Changdao Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Nansihu Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Yubei Huanghe Gudao Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Kaifeng Liuyuankou Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Mengjin Huanghe Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Heyang Huang He Wetlands Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Weinan Sanhe wetlands
China (mainland) Sihong Wetland of Hongze Hu
China (mainland) Yancheng Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Gaoyou Hu
China (mainland) Shaobo Hu Lake Area
China (mainland) Shijiu Hu (Anhui)
China (mainland) Shengjin Hu Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Poyang Hu wetlands
China (mainland) Chen Hu Wetland Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Longgan Hu Wetland Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Dongting Hu wetlands
China (mainland) Hongjian Nur
Mongolia Achit Lake
Mongolia Uvs Lake
Mongolia Ulziitiin Sangiin Dalai Lake
Mongolia Erkhel Lake
Mongolia Khovsgol Lake
Mongolia Khovsgoliin Sangiin Dalai Lake
Mongolia Airkhan Lake
Mongolia Teshigiin Olon Lakes
Mongolia Dashinchilen Bayan Lake
Mongolia Ogii Lake
Mongolia Selengiin Tsagaan Lake
Mongolia Delta of Orkhon and Selenge Rivers
Mongolia Valleys of Khurkh-Khuiten Rivers
Mongolia Onon-Balj
Mongolia Mongol Daguur
Mongolia Khukh Lake
Mongolia Buir Lake
Mongolia Tashgain Tavan Lakes
Mongolia Tsengeleg Lakes
Mongolia Ganga Lakes
China (mainland) Dashanzuizi
Russia (Asian) Amur valley near Blagoveshensk
Russia (Asian) Belozersk lakes
Russia (Asian) Tunkin valley
Russia (Asian) Argun' river
Russia (Asian) Urul'guveem hollow
Russia (Asian) Balaganskaya steppe
Russia (Asian) Oruku-Shina
Russia (Asian) Torey lakes
Russia (Asian) Agar-Dag
Russia (Asian) Tere-Khol' lake
Russia (European) Steppes in the vicinity of Zeleni Dol village
Russia (European) Fields near village Voskresenk
Russia (European) Outskirts of village Il'inka
Russia (European) Yasnaya Polyana site
Russia (European) Outskirts of village Timofeevo
Russia (European) Estonka site
Russia (European) Kumysni pond site
Russia (European) Outskirts of village Lepekhinka
Russia (European) Outskirts of village Rekord
Russia (European) Outskirts of village Pervomaiskoye
Russia (European) Zolotarevskaya area
Portugal Cuba
Armenia Sardarapat
Kazakhstan Irgiz-Turgay Lakes
Russia (European) Shcherbakovskaya bend of Volga river
Russia (European) Balka Yablonya
Russia (European) Vicinity of Eruslan village
Mongolia Tarialan
Kazakhstan Arystandy
Mongolia Darkhad Depression
Mongolia Bulgan Tal
Kazakhstan Zhusandala
Austria Parndorfer Platte and Heideboden
Austria Western Weinviertel
Austria Central Marchfeld
Austria Feuchte Ebene and Rauchwarther Platte
Tajikistan Kayrakkum Reservoir
Russia (European) Kurnikov liman
Russia (European) Tazhinski liman
Russia (European) Irgaklinski forest
Portugal Vila Fernando
Russia (European) Outskirts of Arbali village
Hungary Alkaline lakes of Kiskunság
Türkiye Yüksekova
Türkiye Bismil Plain
Türkiye Ceylanpınar
Kazakhstan Tentek River Delta
Türkiye Upper Murat Valley
Türkiye Bulanık and Malazgirt Plains
Türkiye Muş Plain
Türkiye Seyfe Lake
Russia (European) Drofiny area
Türkiye Yenipazar
Türkiye Sarayönü
Türkiye Tuz Lake
Türkiye Samsam Lake
Türkiye Çöl Lake and Çalıkdüzü
Türkiye Aliken
Türkiye Acıgöl Lake
Türkiye Altıntaş Plateau
Hungary Bihar Plain
Hungary Borsodi-Mezőség
Hungary Ecseg Pusztas of Dévaványa
Hungary Alkaline pusztas of Upper Kiskunság
Hungary Heves Plain
Hungary Hortobágy and Tisza-to
Slovakia Sysľovské fields
Russia (Central Asian) Sources of the Bolshaya Karaganka and Syntasty rivers
Türkiye Van Plains
Türkiye Kavuştuk Peninsula
Türkiye Patnos
Türkiye Karasu Plain
Russia (European) Dudarevskaya steppe
Russia (European) Vicinity of Poltavka village
Russia (European) Kholmanskiye feathergrass steppes
Germany Unteres Rhinluch-Dreetzer See / Havelländisches Luch / Belziger Landschaftswiesen
Germany Fiener Bruch
Germany Plane lowlands
Germany Randow-Welse-Bruch / Uckermärkische Agrarlandschaft
Germany Trappenschongebiet Jüterbog
Germany Schwalmaue around Schwalmstadt
Germany Zerbster Land
Hungary Moson Plain
Mongolia Selenge - Teel
Mongolia Khar Yamaat Nature Reserve
Mongolia Khustain Nuruu National Park
Mongolia Nomrog
Mongolia Terkhiin Tsagaan Lake
Mongolia Turgen Tsagaan, Zegst, Tuulaitiyn Burd Lakes
Mongolia Ugtam Nature Reserve
Mongolia Ulaagchinii Khar Lake
China (mainland) Desert and wetland from Northern Urumqi to Dabancheng
China (mainland) Jinta
China (mainland) Longfeng Wetland Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Zhengzhou Huanghe Wetland Nature Reserve
Spain Tierra de Campos steppes
Spain Villafáfila
Spain Esla dam
Spain Belver de los Montes-Gallegos del Pan
Spain Carrión-Frómista
Spain Cerrato high moor
Spain River Moros
Spain Tordesillas-Mota del Marqués
Spain Fuentelapeña-Jambrina
Spain Tierra de Campiñas steppes
Spain Topas
Spain Redbeeds and copses of Aranjuez
Spain Cortados del Jarama
Spain Talamanca-Camarma
Spain Alcarria de Alcalá steppes
Spain Altos de Barahona high moor
Spain Layna high moors
Spain Gallocanta lake
Spain Monegrillo-Pina steppe area-Pina
Spain Los Monegros (South)
Spain Pétrola-Almansa-Yecla
Spain Campo de Montiel
Spain San Clemente-Villarrobledo
Spain Tarancón-Ocaña-Corral de Almaguer
Spain Tembleque-La Guardia plains
Spain Pedro Muñoz-Manjavacas endorreic lagoons
Spain Tablas de Daimiel marshes; 'Vicario' and 'Gasset' reservoirs and Malagón lakes
Spain Torrijos
Spain Oropesa plains
Spain Campo de Calatrava
Spain Córdoba countryside
Spain Pedroches Occidentales
Spain Alto Guadiato
Spain Carmona countryside
Spain Ecija-Osuna plain
Spain Condado-Campiña
Spain West Andévalo
Spain Fuente de Cantos-Montemolín
Spain Azuaga-Llerena-Peraleda de Zaucejo
Spain Bienvenida-Usagre-Ribera del Fresno
Spain Villanueva del Fresno
Spain Olivenza-La Albuera
Spain Alange
Spain La Serena
Spain Pela mountain range-Orellana reservoir-Zorita
Spain Don Benito-Guareña
Spain Botoa-Villar del Rey
Spain San Pedro mountain range
Spain Brozas-Membrío
Spain Malpartida de Cáceres-Arroyo de la Luz
Spain Plain between Cáceres and Trujillo-Aldea del Cano
Spain Trujillo-Torrecillas de la Tiesa
Spain Alcántara reservoir-Cuatro Lugares
Spain Borbollón reservoir
Spain Albacete - Barrax - La Roda
Spain La Manchuela Conquense
Russia (Asian) Aginskiye lakes
Russia (Asian) Bain-Tsaganskiye lakes
Russia (Asian) Middle Onon
Russia (Asian) Valley of Barguzin
Spain Torrejón de Velasco - Secanos de Valdemoro
Spain Baja Alcarria
Russia (European) Veselovskoye reservoir
Russia (European) Islands in the western part of Lake Manych-Gudilo
Serbia Pašnjaci Velike Droplje
Russia (Asian) Svyatoi Nos area

Habitats & altitude
Habitat (level 1) Habitat (level 2) Importance Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial Arable Land major non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial Arable Land major breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial Pastureland suitable non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial Pastureland suitable breeding
Forest Temperate suitable breeding
Grassland Temperate major non-breeding
Grassland Temperate major breeding
Altitude 0 - 1800 m Occasional altitudinal limits  

Threats & impact
Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Agriculture & aquaculture Livestock farming & ranching - Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Indirect ecosystem effects, Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture Livestock farming & ranching - Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Negligible declines Low Impact: 4
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture Wood & pulp plantations - Scale Unknown/Unrecorded Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Rapid Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Species disturbance, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Biological resource use Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Unintentional effects (species is not the target) Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Species disturbance, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Biological resource use Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest] Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation
Climate change & severe weather Droughts Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Rapid Declines Medium Impact: 7
Stresses
Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather Storms & flooding Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Causing/Could cause fluctuations Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather Temperature extremes Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Species mortality
Energy production & mining Renewable energy Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Species mortality
Human intrusions & disturbance Recreational activities Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Negligible declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Species disturbance, Reduced reproductive success
Human intrusions & disturbance Work & other activities Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Species disturbance
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Unspecified species Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Species disturbance, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Problematic native species/diseases Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Species disturbance, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Natural system modifications Fire & fire suppression - Increase in fire frequency/intensity Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Pollution Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Pollution Agricultural & forestry effluents - Type Unknown/Unrecorded Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Negligible declines Low Impact: 4
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation
Residential & commercial development Commercial & industrial areas Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Indirect ecosystem effects, Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Residential & commercial development Housing & urban areas Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Unknown Causing/Could cause fluctuations Unknown
Stresses
Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Transportation & service corridors Roads & railroads Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Transportation & service corridors Utility & service lines Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Species mortality

Utilisation
Purpose Primary form used Life stage used Source Scale Level Timing
Food - human - - non-trivial recent
Pets/display animals, horticulture - - international non-trivial recent
Sport hunting/specimen collecting - - international non-trivial recent

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Otis tarda. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/great-bustard-otis-tarda on 19/03/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org on 19/03/2024.