Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: #http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm#.
Turbott, E.G. 1990. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand. Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | Least Concern | |
| 2012 | Least Concern | |
| 2009 | Least Concern | |
| 2008 | Least Concern | |
| 2004 | Least Concern | |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type | Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 180,000,000 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 166,000,000 | medium |
| Number of locations | - | |
| Severely Fragmented | - |
| Value | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | poor | estimated | 2012 | |
| Population trend | Decreasing | suspected | - | |
| Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | - | - | - | |
| Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Percentage in largest subpopulation | - | - | - | |
| Generation length (yrs) | 6.7 | - | - | - |
Population justification: The global population is estimated at 230,000-2,220,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2015). The European population is estimated at 28,300-37,700 pairs, which equates to 56,500-75,400 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015). The population is therefore placed in the band 200,000-2,300,000 individuals.
Trend justification: The overall population trend is decreasing, although some populations have stable trends (Wetlands International 2015). This species has undergone a large and statistically significant increase over the last 40 years in North America (3,800% increase over 40 years, equating to a 150% increase per decade; data from Breeding Bird Survey and/or Christmas Bird Count: Butcher and Niven 2007) Note, however, that these surveys cover less than 50% of the species's range in North America. In Europe the population size is estimated to be increasing (BirdLife International 2015).
| Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Albania | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Algeria | N | Extant | ||||
| Angola | N | Extant | ||||
| Anguilla (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Antigua and Barbuda | N | Extant | ||||
| Armenia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Aruba (to Netherlands) | N | Extant | ||||
| Australia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Austria | V | Extant | ||||
| Azerbaijan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Bahamas | N | Extant | ||||
| Bahrain | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Bangladesh | N | Extant | ||||
| Barbados | N | Extant | ||||
| Belarus | V | Extant | ||||
| Belgium | V | Extant | ||||
| Belize | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Benin | N | Extant | ||||
| Bermuda (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Botswana | N | Extant | ||||
| British Indian Ocean Territory | V | Extant | ||||
| Brunei | V | Extant | ||||
| Bulgaria | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Burkina Faso | N | Extant | ||||
| Burundi | N | Extant | ||||
| Cambodia | N | Extant | ||||
| Cameroon | N | Extant | ||||
| Canada | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Cape Verde | V | Extant | ||||
| Cayman Islands (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Central African Republic | N | Extant | ||||
| Chad | N | Extant | ||||
| China (mainland) | N | Extant | ||||
| Cocos (Keeling) Islands (to Australia) | V | Extant | ||||
| Colombia | N | Extant | ||||
| Congo, The Democratic Republic of the | N | Extant | ||||
| Costa Rica | N | Extant | ||||
| Côte d'Ivoire | N | Extant | ||||
| Croatia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Cuba | N | Extant | ||||
| Cyprus | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Czechia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Denmark | V | Extant | ||||
| Djibouti | N | Extant | ||||
| Dominica | N | Extant | ||||
| Dominican Republic | N | Extant | ||||
| Ecuador | N | Extant | ||||
| Egypt | N | Extant | ||||
| Eritrea | N | Extant | ||||
| Estonia | V | Extant | ||||
| Eswatini | N | Extant | ||||
| Ethiopia | N | Extant | ||||
| Faroe Islands (to Denmark) | V | Extant | ||||
| Fiji | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Finland | V | Extant | ||||
| France | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Gabon | N | Extant | ||||
| Gambia | N | Extant | ||||
| Germany | V | Extant | ||||
| Ghana | N | Extant | ||||
| Gibraltar (to UK) | V | Extant | ||||
| Greece | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Guadeloupe (to France) | N | Extant | ||||
| Guinea-Bissau | N | Extant | ||||
| Haiti | N | Extant | ||||
| Honduras | N | Extant | ||||
| Hong Kong (China) | V | Extant | ||||
| Hungary | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Iceland | V | Extant | ||||
| India | N | Extant | ||||
| Indonesia | N | Extant | ||||
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Iraq | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Ireland | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Israel | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Italy | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Jamaica | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Jordan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Kazakhstan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Kenya | N | Extant | ||||
| Kuwait | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Kyrgyzstan | V | Extant | ||||
| Latvia | V | Extant | ||||
| Lebanon | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Lesotho | V | Extant | ||||
| Liberia | N | Extant | ||||
| Libya | N | Extant | ||||
| Luxembourg | N | Extant | ||||
| Madagascar | N | Extant | ||||
| Malawi | N | Extant | ||||
| Malaysia | N | Extant | ||||
| Maldives | V | Extant | ||||
| Mali | N | Extant | ||||
| Malta | N | Extant | ||||
| Martinique (to France) | N | Extant | ||||
| Mauritania | N | Extant | ||||
| Mexico | N | Extant | ||||
| Moldova | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Montenegro | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Montserrat (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Morocco | N | Extant | ||||
| Mozambique | N | Extant | ||||
| Myanmar | N | Extant | ||||
| Namibia | N | Extant | ||||
| Nepal | N | Extant | ||||
| Netherlands | V | Extant | ||||
| New Caledonia (to France) | V | Extant | ||||
| New Zealand | V | Extant | ||||
| Niger | N | Extant | ||||
| Nigeria | N | Extant | ||||
| North Macedonia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Norway | V | Extant | ||||
| Oman | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Pakistan | N | Extant | ||||
| Palestine | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Panama | N | Extant | ||||
| Papua New Guinea | N | Extant | ||||
| Philippines | N | Extant | ||||
| Poland | V | Extant | ||||
| Portugal | N | Extant | ||||
| Puerto Rico (to USA) | N | Extant | ||||
| Qatar | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Romania | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Russia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Russia (European) | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Rwanda | N | Extant | ||||
| Saudi Arabia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Senegal | N | Extant | ||||
| Serbia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Sierra Leone | N | Extant | ||||
| Singapore | N | Extant | ||||
| Slovakia | N | Extant | ||||
| Slovenia | N | Extant | ||||
| Solomon Islands | V | Extant | ||||
| Somalia | N | Extant | ||||
| South Africa | N | Extant | ||||
| South Sudan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Spain | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Sri Lanka | N | Extant | ||||
| St Kitts and Nevis | N | Extant | ||||
| St Lucia | N | Extant | ||||
| St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| St Vincent and the Grenadines | N | Extant | ||||
| Sudan | N | Extant | ||||
| Sweden | V | Extant | ||||
| Switzerland | V | Extant | ||||
| Syria | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Tajikistan | N | Extant | ||||
| Tanzania | N | Extant | ||||
| Thailand | N | Extant | ||||
| Timor-Leste | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Togo | V | Extant | ||||
| Trinidad and Tobago | N | Extant | ||||
| Tunisia | N | Extant | ||||
| Turkey | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Turkmenistan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Uganda | N | Extant | ||||
| Ukraine | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| United Arab Emirates | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| United Kingdom | V | Extant | ||||
| USA | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Uzbekistan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Venezuela | N | Extant | ||||
| Vietnam | N | Extant | ||||
| Virgin Islands (to UK) | V | Extant | ||||
| Virgin Islands (to USA) | V | Extant | ||||
| Yemen | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Zambia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Zimbabwe | N | Extant |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Coastal Freshwater Lakes | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Coastal Freshwater Lakes | suitable | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands | major | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Altitude | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change & severe weather | Habitat shifting & alteration | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Future | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food - human | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent | ||
| Pets/display animals, horticulture | - | - | International | Non-trivial | Recent | |
| Sport hunting/specimen collecting | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Plegadis falcinellus. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 02/04/2023.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 02/04/2023.
