Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2018 | Least Concern | |
| 2016 | Least Concern | |
| 2012 | Least Concern | |
| 2009 | Least Concern | |
| 2008 | Least Concern | |
| 2004 | Least Concern | |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type | Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 25,600,000 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 82,300,000 | medium |
| Number of locations | - | |
| Severely Fragmented | - |
| Value | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | poor | estimated | 2012 | |
| Population trend | Stable | suspected | - | |
| Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | - | - | - | |
| Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Percentage in largest subpopulation | - | - | - | |
| Generation length (yrs) | 12.4 | - | - | - |
Population justification: The global population is estimated to number c.400,000-1,500,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2015). The European population is estimated at 46,500-135,000 pairs, which equates to 93,000-270,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015).
Trend justification: The overall population trend is stable (Wetlands International 2015). This species has undergone a small or statistically insignificant increase over the last 40 years in North America (data from Breeding Bird Survey and/or Christmas Bird Count: Butcher and Niven 2007). Note, however, that these surveys cover less than 50% of the species's range in North America. The European population trend is estimated to be stable (BirdLife International 2015).
| Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | V | Extant | ||||
| Belgium | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Bermuda (to UK) | V | Extant | ||||
| Bulgaria | V | Extant | ||||
| Canada | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| China (mainland) | N | Extant | ||||
| Czechia | V | Extant | ||||
| Denmark | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Estonia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Faroe Islands (to Denmark) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Finland | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| France | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Germany | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Greenland (to Denmark) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Hong Kong (China) | V | Extant | ||||
| Hungary | V | Extant | ||||
| Iceland | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Ireland | N | Extant | ||||
| Israel | V | Extant | ||||
| Italy | V | Extant | ||||
| Japan | N | Extant | ||||
| Jordan | V | Extant | ||||
| Kazakhstan | V | Extant | ||||
| Latvia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Lithuania | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Malta | V | Extant | ||||
| Mexico | N | Extant | ||||
| Mongolia | V | Extant | ||||
| Montenegro | V | Extant | ||||
| Morocco | V | Extant | ||||
| Netherlands | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| North Korea | N | Extant | ||||
| Norway | N | Extant | ||||
| Poland | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Portugal | V | Extant | ||||
| Romania | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Russia (Asian) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia (Central Asian) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia (European) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Serbia | V | Extant | ||||
| Slovakia | N | Extant | ||||
| Slovenia | V | Extant | ||||
| South Korea | N | Extant | ||||
| Spain | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Sweden | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Switzerland | V | Extant | ||||
| Tunisia | V | Extant | ||||
| Ukraine | V | Extant | ||||
| United Kingdom | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| USA | N | Extant | Yes |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands | major | breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Rocky Shoreline | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Tidepools | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Pelagic | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Pelagic | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | suitable | breeding |
| Altitude | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change & severe weather | Habitat shifting & alteration | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Future | Whole (>90%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Larus hyperboreus. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 31/03/2023.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 31/03/2023.
