• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2019	Vulnerable	A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd
2016	Vulnerable	A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd
2015	Vulnerable	A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd
2012	Least Concern
2009	Least Concern
2008	Least Concern
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	Medium
Land mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	35,700,000	medium
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2)	7,080,000	medium
Number of locations		-
Fragmentation		-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals	12800000-47600000		estimated	2012
Population trend	Decreasing		suspected	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)	30-49	-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)	30-49	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations		-	-	-
Largest subpopulations		-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	5.3	-	-	-

Population justification: The European population is estimated at 3,150,000-5,940,000 pairs, which equates to 6,310,000-11,900,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015). Europe forms 25-49% of the global range, so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 19,300,000-71,400,000 individuals. This roughly equates to 12,800,000-47,600,000 mature individuals. Further validation of this estimate is needed.

Trend justification: The population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and unsustainable levels of exploitation. In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 30-49% in 15.9 years (three generations) (BirdLife International 2015). In Europe, trends since 1980 show that populations have undergone a moderate decline, based on data from the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (EBCC/RSPB/BirdLife/Statistics Netherlands, P. Vorisek in litt. 2008). In Central Asia (Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), an analysis of observations of the species suggests that it has experienced a moderate or possibly strong decline over the past two to four decades (R. Ayé in litt. 2015). In Uzbekistan, the species has declined severely over the past thirty years (R. Kashkarov in litt. 2015). The formerly large population in European Russia has crashed by > 80% since 2000 and by > 90% since 1980 (BirdLife International 2015). Declines have also been reported from parts of east and south-east Kazakhstan; for example the species is now rare or even absent in the Manrak Mountains, where it was once common (Wassink and Oreel 2008).

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Afghanistan	N	Extant		Yes
Albania	N	Extant		Yes
Algeria	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Andorra	N	Extant		Yes
Armenia	N	Extant		Yes
Austria	N	Extant		Yes
Azerbaijan	N	Extant		Yes
Bahrain	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Belarus	N	Extant		Yes
Belgium	N	Extant		Yes
Benin	N	Extant			Yes
Bosnia and Herzegovina	N	Extant		Yes
Botswana	V	Extant
Bulgaria	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Burkina Faso	N	Extant			Yes
Cameroon	N	Extant			Yes
Cape Verde	V	Extant
Central African Republic	N	Extant			Yes
Chad	N	Extant			Yes
China (mainland)	N	Extant		Yes
Comoros	V	Extant
Congo, The Democratic Republic of the	V	Extant
Côte d'Ivoire	N	Extant			Yes
Croatia	N	Extant		Yes
Cyprus	N	Extant		Yes
Czechia	N	Extant		Yes
Denmark	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Djibouti	V	Extant
Egypt	N	Extant		Yes
Eritrea	N	Extant			Yes
Estonia	N	Extant		Yes
Ethiopia	N	Extant			Yes
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	V	Extant
Finland	N	Extant		Yes
France	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Gabon	V	Extant
Gambia	N	Extant			Yes
Georgia	N	Extant		Yes
Germany	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Ghana	N	Extant			Yes
Gibraltar (to UK)	N	Extant		Yes
Greece	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Guinea	N	Extant			Yes
Guinea-Bissau	N	Extant			Yes
Hungary	N	Extant		Yes
Iceland	V	Extant
Iran, Islamic Republic of	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Iraq	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Ireland	N	Extant				Yes
Israel	N	Extant		Yes
Italy	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Jordan	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Kazakhstan	N	Extant		Yes
Kenya	V	Extant
Kuwait	N	Extant				Yes
Kyrgyzstan	N	Extant		Yes
Latvia	N	Extant		Yes
Lebanon	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Liberia	V	Extant
Libya	N	Extant		Yes
Liechtenstein	N	Extant		Yes
Lithuania	N	Extant		Yes
Luxembourg	N	Extant		Yes
Maldives	V	Extant
Mali	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Malta	N	Extant				Yes
Mauritania	N	Extant			Yes	Yes
Moldova	N	Extant		Yes
Mongolia	N	Extant		Yes
Montenegro	N	Extant		Yes
Morocco	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Namibia	V	Extant
Netherlands	N	Extant		Yes
Niger	N	Extant			Yes
Nigeria	N	Extant			Yes
North Macedonia	N	Extant		Yes
Norway	V	Extant
Oman	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Pakistan	V	Extant
Palestinian Authority Territories	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Poland	N	Extant		Yes
Portugal	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Qatar	N	Extant				Yes
Romania	N	Extant		Yes
Russia	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Russia (Central Asian)	N	Extant		Yes
Russia (European)	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Saudi Arabia	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Senegal	N	Extant			Yes
Serbia	N	Extant		Yes
Seychelles	V	Extant
Sierra Leone	V	Extant
Slovakia	N	Extant		Yes
Slovenia	N	Extant		Yes
Somalia	V	Extant
South Africa	V	Extant
South Sudan	N	Extant			Yes
Spain	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Sudan	N	Extant			Yes
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	V	Extant
Sweden	N	Extant				Yes
Switzerland	N	Extant		Yes
Syria	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Tajikistan	N	Extant		Yes
Togo	N	Extant			Yes
Tunisia	N	Extant		Yes
Turkey	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
Turkmenistan	N	Extant		Yes
Uganda	V	Extant
Ukraine	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
United Arab Emirates	N	Extant		Yes		Yes
United Kingdom	N	Extant		Yes
Uzbekistan	N	Extant		Yes
Western Sahara	N	Extant				Yes
Yemen	N	Extant				Yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Bulgaria	Kresna Gorge
Bulgaria	Provadiysko-Royaksko plateau
Bulgaria	Sakar
Czechia	Krivoklatsko (Krivoklatsko region)
Spain	Mountains of Barcelona
Ukraine	Samars'kyj forest

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Arable Land	major	breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Arable Land	major	non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Rural Gardens	suitable	breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Rural Gardens	suitable	non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest	suitable	breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest	suitable	non-breeding
Forest	Boreal	major	breeding
Forest	Boreal	major	non-breeding
Forest	Temperate	major	breeding
Forest	Temperate	major	non-breeding
Shrubland	Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation	major	breeding
Shrubland	Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation	major	non-breeding
Shrubland	Temperate	major	breeding
Shrubland	Temperate	major	non-breeding
Altitude	0 - 1300 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Rapid Declines		High Impact: 8
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Rapid Declines		High Impact: 8
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Unintentional effects (species is not the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Rapid Declines		High Impact: 8
		Stresses Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather	Droughts	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather	Temperature extremes	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Unknown		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Streptopelia decaocto	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Trichomonas gallinae	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species mortality
Pollution	Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Rapid Declines		High Impact: 8
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Species mortality

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Food - human	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent
Pets/display animals, horticulture	-	-		International	Non-trivial	Recent
Sport hunting/specimen collecting	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2020) Species factsheet: Streptopelia turtur. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 25/02/2020. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2020) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 25/02/2020.