• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2019	Vulnerable	A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd
2016	Vulnerable	A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd
2015	Vulnerable	A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd
2012	Least Concern
2009	Least Concern
2008	Least Concern
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	medium
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	35,700,000 km2	medium
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding)	7,080,000 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	12800000-47600000 mature individuals	-	estimated	2012
Population trend	decreasing	-	suspected	2008-2024
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	30-49%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	30-49%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	30-49%	-	-	-
Generation length	5.3 years	-	-	-

Population justification: The European population is estimated at 3,150,000-5,940,000 pairs, which equates to 6,310,000-11,900,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015). Europe forms 25-49% of the global range, so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 19,300,000-71,400,000 individuals. This roughly equates to 12,800,000-47,600,000 mature individuals. Further validation of this estimate is needed.

Trend justification: The population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and unsustainable levels of exploitation. In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 30-49% in 15.9 years (three generations) (BirdLife International 2015). In Europe, trends since 1980 show that populations have undergone a moderate decline, based on data from the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (EBCC/RSPB/BirdLife/Statistics Netherlands, P. Vorisek in litt. 2008). In Central Asia (Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), an analysis of observations of the species suggests that it has experienced a moderate or possibly strong decline over the past two to four decades (R. Ayé in litt. 2015). In Uzbekistan, the species has declined severely over the past thirty years (R. Kashkarov in litt. 2015). The formerly large population in European Russia has crashed by > 80% since 2000 and by > 90% since 1980 (BirdLife International 2015). Declines have also been reported from parts of east and south-east Kazakhstan; for example the species is now rare or even absent in the Manrak Mountains, where it was once common (Wassink and Oreel 2008).

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Afghanistan	extant	native		yes
Albania	extant	native		yes
Algeria	extant	native		yes		yes
Andorra	extant	native		yes
Armenia	extant	native		yes
Austria	extant	native		yes
Azerbaijan	extant	native		yes
Bahrain	extant	native		yes		yes
Belarus	extant	native		yes
Belgium	extant	native		yes
Benin	extant	native			yes
Bosnia and Herzegovina	extant	native		yes
Botswana	extant	vagrant
Bulgaria	extant	native		yes		yes
Burkina Faso	extant	native			yes
Cameroon	extant	native			yes
Cape Verde	extant	vagrant
Central African Republic	extant	native			yes
Chad	extant	native			yes
China (mainland)	extant	native		yes
Comoros	extant	vagrant
Congo, The Democratic Republic of the	extant	vagrant
Côte d'Ivoire	extant	native			yes
Croatia	extant	native		yes
Cyprus	extant	native		yes
Czechia	extant	native		yes
Denmark	extant	native		yes		yes
Djibouti	extant	vagrant
Egypt	extant	native		yes
Eritrea	extant	native			yes
Estonia	extant	native		yes
Ethiopia	extant	native			yes
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	extant	vagrant
Finland	extant	native		yes
France	extant	native		yes		yes
Gabon	extant	vagrant
Gambia	extant	native			yes
Georgia	extant	native		yes
Germany	extant	native		yes		yes
Ghana	extant	native			yes
Gibraltar (to UK)	extant	native		yes
Greece	extant	native		yes		yes
Guinea	extant	native			yes
Guinea-Bissau	extant	native			yes
Hungary	extant	native		yes
Iceland	extant	vagrant
Iran, Islamic Republic of	extant	native		yes		yes
Iraq	extant	native		yes		yes
Ireland	extant	native				yes
Israel	extant	native		yes
Italy	extant	native		yes		yes
Jordan	extant	native		yes		yes
Kazakhstan	extant	native		yes
Kenya	extant	vagrant
Kuwait	extant	native				yes
Kyrgyzstan	extant	native		yes
Latvia	extant	native		yes
Lebanon	extant	native		yes		yes
Liberia	extant	vagrant
Libya	extant	native		yes
Liechtenstein	extant	native		yes
Lithuania	extant	native		yes
Luxembourg	extant	native		yes
Maldives	extant	vagrant
Mali	extant	native			yes	yes
Malta	extant	native				yes
Mauritania	extant	native			yes	yes
Moldova	extant	native		yes
Mongolia	extant	native		yes
Montenegro	extant	native		yes
Morocco	extant	native		yes		yes
Namibia	extant	vagrant
Netherlands	extant	native		yes
Niger	extant	native			yes
Nigeria	extant	native			yes
North Macedonia	extant	native		yes
Norway	extant	vagrant
Oman	extant	native		yes		yes
Pakistan	extant	vagrant
Palestine	extant	native		yes		yes
Poland	extant	native		yes
Portugal	extant	native		yes		yes
Qatar	extant	native				yes
Romania	extant	native		yes
Russia	extant	native		yes		yes
Russia (Central Asian)	extant	native		yes
Russia (European)	extant	native		yes		yes
Saudi Arabia	extant	native		yes		yes
Senegal	extant	native			yes
Serbia	extant	native		yes
Seychelles	extant	vagrant
Sierra Leone	extant	vagrant
Slovakia	extant	native		yes
Slovenia	extant	native		yes
Somalia	extant	vagrant
South Africa	extant	vagrant
South Sudan	extant	native			yes
Spain	extant	native		yes		yes
Sudan	extant	native			yes
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	extant	vagrant
Sweden	extant	native				yes
Switzerland	extant	native		yes
Syria	extant	native		yes		yes
Tajikistan	extant	native		yes
Togo	extant	native			yes
Tunisia	extant	native		yes
Türkiye	extant	native		yes		yes
Turkmenistan	extant	native		yes
Uganda	extant	vagrant
Ukraine	extant	native		yes		yes
United Arab Emirates	extant	native		yes		yes
United Kingdom	extant	native		yes
Uzbekistan	extant	native		yes
Western Sahara	extant	native				yes
Yemen	extant	native				yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Spain	Mountains of Barcelona
Ukraine	Samars'kyj forest
Czechia	Krivoklatsko (Krivoklatsko region)
Bulgaria	Sakar
Bulgaria	Provadiysko-Royaksko plateau
Bulgaria	Kresna Gorge
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Nevesinjsko polje
Netherlands	Susteren - Roermond
Netherlands	Rijntakken
Netherlands	Panningen - Roggel
Serbia	Deliblatska pescara
Serbia	Toplica
Serbia	Presevo valley - Rujen
Serbia	Stara mountains
Serbia	Timocko pobrdje
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Duvanjsko polje
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Lušci polje
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Dabarsko and Fatničko Karstic Fields
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Popovo polje
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Mostarsko Blato
Montenegro	Bjelopavlici
Montenegro	Bojana Delta
Montenegro	Bratogost
Montenegro	Kuči and Cijevna canyon
Montenegro	Plavsko Lake and Lim and Grncar Valley
Montenegro	Lovćen and Paštrovići Mountains
Montenegro	Lower Moraca and Podgorica
Montenegro	Canyons of Moraca and Mala rijeka
Montenegro	Piva
Montenegro	Orjen
Montenegro	Rumija
Montenegro	Skadar Lake
Montenegro	Ulcinj saltpans

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Arable Land	major	breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Arable Land	major	non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Rural Gardens	suitable	breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Rural Gardens	suitable	non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest	suitable	breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest	suitable	non-breeding
Forest	Boreal	major	breeding
Forest	Boreal	major	non-breeding
Forest	Temperate	major	breeding
Forest	Temperate	major	non-breeding
Shrubland	Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation	major	breeding
Shrubland	Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation	major	non-breeding
Shrubland	Temperate	major	breeding
Shrubland	Temperate	major	non-breeding
Altitude	0 - 1300 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Rapid Declines		High Impact: 8
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Rapid Declines		High Impact: 8
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Unintentional effects (species is not the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Rapid Declines		High Impact: 8
		Stresses Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather	Droughts	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather	Temperature extremes	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Unknown		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Streptopelia decaocto	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Trichomonas gallinae	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species mortality
Pollution	Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Rapid Declines		High Impact: 8
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Species mortality

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Food - human	-	-			non-trivial	recent
Pets/display animals, horticulture	-	-		international	non-trivial	recent
Sport hunting/specimen collecting	-	-			non-trivial	recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Streptopelia turtur. Downloaded from http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/european-turtle-dove-streptopelia-turtur on 06/12/2023.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://datazone.birdlife.org on 06/12/2023.