Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | C2a(ii) |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | Vulnerable | C2a(ii) |
| 2013 | Vulnerable | C2a(ii) |
| 2012 | Vulnerable | C2a(ii) |
| 2008 | Vulnerable | C2a(ii) |
| 2007 | Vulnerable | |
| 2004 | Vulnerable | |
| 2000 | Vulnerable | |
| 1996 | Vulnerable | |
| 1994 | Vulnerable | |
| 1988 | Threatened |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Medium |
| Land mass type |
Land-mass type - continent |
Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 15,400,000 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 38,400,000 | medium |
| Number of locations | 11-100 | - |
| Severely Fragmented | - |
| Value | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | 2500-9999 | medium | estimated | 2012 |
| Population trend | Decreasing | poor | suspected | - |
| Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | 10-19 | - | - | - |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | 10-19 | - | - | - |
| Number of subpopulations | 1 | - | - | - |
| Percentage in largest subpopulation | 100 | - | - | - |
| Generation length (yrs) | 16.6 | - | - | - |
Population justification: In Europe, the breeding population was estimated to number 1,300-1,900 breeding pairs, equating to 2,500-3,800 mature individuals. Recent population estimates from Russia and Kazakhstan suggest the global population may exceed 10,000 mature individuals, but in light of criticism of these estimates the population is precautionarily retained in the band 2,500-9,999 mature individuals here. This equates to 3,750-14,999 individuals in total, rounded here to 3,500-15,000 individuals.
Trend justification:
The European population (comprising c.30% of the global range) is estimated to be increasing (BirdLife International 2015), though local increases may be partly due to immigration as well as increased fecundity and survival (Demerdzhiev et al. 2015). Recent reports from Russia and Kazakhstan indicate these populations may be stable, with some local population increases (I. Karyakin in litt. 2016) however, these reports need further confirmation as the population in Russia is suspected to undergo a decline in the future due to the presence of threats at breeding sites. As such, the global population of this species is precautionarily estimated to remain in decline, owing to habitat loss and exploitation across its range.
| Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Armenia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Austria | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Azerbaijan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Bangladesh | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Belarus | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Bhutan | N | Extant | ||||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Bulgaria | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Cambodia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Cameroon | V | Extant | ||||
| China (mainland) | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Croatia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Cyprus | V | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Czechia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Denmark | V | Extant | ||||
| Djibouti | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Egypt | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Eritrea | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Ethiopia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Finland | V | Extant | ||||
| France | V | Extant | ||||
| Georgia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Germany | V | Extant | ||||
| Greece | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Hong Kong (China) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Hungary | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| India | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Iraq | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Israel | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Italy | V | Extant | ||||
| Japan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Jordan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Kazakhstan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Kenya | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Kuwait | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Kyrgyzstan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Laos | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Lebanon | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Libya | V | Extant | ||||
| Lithuania | V | Extant | ||||
| Macao (China) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Malaysia | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Moldova | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Mongolia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Montenegro | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Morocco | V | Extant | ||||
| Myanmar | N | Extant | ||||
| Nepal | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| North Korea | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| North Macedonia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Oman | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Pakistan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Palestine | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Poland | V | Extant | ||||
| Qatar | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Romania | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Russia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Russia (Asian) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia (Central Asian) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia (European) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Saudi Arabia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Serbia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Singapore | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Slovakia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Slovenia | V | Extant | ||||
| South Korea | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Sudan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Sweden | V | Extant | ||||
| Syria | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Taiwan, China | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Tajikistan | N | Extant | ||||
| Tanzania | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Thailand | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Togo | V | Extant | ||||
| Turkey | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Turkmenistan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Ukraine | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| United Arab Emirates | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Uzbekistan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Vietnam | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Yemen | N | Extant | Yes | Yes |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | suitable | breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | suitable | non-breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Pastureland | suitable | breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Pastureland | suitable | non-breeding |
| Forest | Temperate | major | breeding |
| Forest | Temperate | major | non-breeding |
| Grassland | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | suitable | breeding |
| Grassland | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | suitable | non-breeding |
| Grassland | Temperate | suitable | breeding |
| Shrubland | Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation | suitable | breeding |
| Shrubland | Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation | suitable | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands | major | non-breeding |
| Altitude | 0 - 1600 m | Occasional altitudinal limits | (max) 3900 m |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Wood & pulp plantations - Scale Unknown/Unrecorded | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Biological resource use | Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Human intrusions & disturbance | Work & other activities | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Transportation & service corridors | Utility & service lines | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pets/display animals, horticulture | - | - | International | Non-trivial | Recent | |
| Sport hunting/specimen collecting | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2022) Species factsheet: Aquila heliaca. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 28/11/2022.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2022) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 28/11/2022.
