VU
Eastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca



Taxonomy

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

IUCN Red List criteria met and history
Red List criteria met
Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable
- - C2a(ii)

Red List history
Year Category Criteria
2016 Vulnerable C2a(ii)
2013 Vulnerable C2a(ii)
2012 Vulnerable C2a(ii)
2008 Vulnerable C2a(ii)
2007 Vulnerable
2004 Vulnerable
2000 Vulnerable
1996 Vulnerable
1994 Vulnerable
1988 Threatened
Species attributes

Migratory status full migrant Forest dependency medium
Land-mass type Land-mass type - continent
Average mass -
Distribution

Estimate Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) 15,400,000 medium
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) 38,400,000 medium
Number of locations 11-100 -
Severely fragmented? no -
Population and trend
Value Data quality Derivation Year of estimate
Number of mature individuals 2500-9999 medium estimated 2012
Population trend decreasing poor suspected 1998-2008
Decline % (10 years/3 generations future) 10-19 - - -
Decline % (10 years/3 generations past and future) 10-19 - - -
Number of subpopulations 1 - - -
Percentage in largest subpopulation 100 - - -
Generation length (years) 16.6 - - -

Population justification: In Europe, the breeding population was estimated to number 1,300-1,900 breeding pairs, equating to 2,500-3,800 mature individuals. Recent population estimates from Russia and Kazakhstan suggest the global population may exceed 10,000 mature individuals, but in light of criticism of these estimates the population is precautionarily retained in the band 2,500-9,999 mature individuals here. This equates to 3,750-14,999 individuals in total, rounded here to 3,500-15,000 individuals.

Trend justification:

The European population (comprising c.30% of the global range) is estimated to be increasing (BirdLife International 2015), though local increases may be partly due to immigration as well as increased fecundity and survival (Demerdzhiev et al. 2015). Recent reports from Russia and Kazakhstan indicate these populations may be stable, with some local population increases (I. Karyakin in litt. 2016) however, these reports need further confirmation as the population in Russia is suspected to undergo a decline in the future due to the presence of threats at breeding sites. As such, the global population of this species is precautionarily estimated to remain in decline, owing to habitat loss and exploitation across its range.


Country/territory distribution
Country/Territory Presence Origin Resident Breeding Non-breeding Passage
Afghanistan extant native yes
Armenia extant native yes
Austria extant native yes
Azerbaijan extant native yes
Bangladesh extant native yes
Belarus extant vagrant yes
Bhutan extant native
Bosnia and Herzegovina extant native yes
Bulgaria extant native yes yes
Cambodia extant native yes
Cameroon extant vagrant
China (mainland) extant native yes yes
Croatia extant native yes yes
Cyprus extant vagrant yes yes
Czechia extant native yes
Denmark extant vagrant
Djibouti extant native yes yes
Egypt extant native yes yes
Eritrea extant native yes
Ethiopia extant native yes yes
Finland extant vagrant
France extant vagrant
Georgia extant native yes yes
Germany extant vagrant
Greece extant native yes yes
Hong Kong (China) extant native yes
Hungary extant native yes
India extant native yes
Iran, Islamic Republic of extant native yes
Iraq extant native yes yes
Israel extant native yes yes
Italy extant vagrant
Japan extant native yes
Jordan extant native yes yes
Kazakhstan extant native yes
Kenya extant native yes
Kuwait extant native yes yes
Kyrgyzstan extant native yes
Laos extant native yes
Lebanon extant native yes
Libya extant vagrant
Lithuania extant vagrant
Macao (China) extant native yes
Malaysia extant vagrant yes
Moldova extant native yes
Mongolia extant native yes yes
Montenegro extant native yes yes
Morocco extant vagrant
Myanmar extant native
Nepal extant native yes yes
North Korea extant native yes
North Macedonia extant native yes yes
Oman extant native yes yes
Pakistan extant native yes yes
Palestine extant native yes
Poland extant vagrant
Qatar extant native yes yes
Romania extant native yes yes
Russia extant native yes yes
Russia (Asian) extant native yes
Russia (Central Asian) extant native yes
Russia (European) extant native yes
Saudi Arabia extant native yes yes
Serbia extant native yes yes
Singapore extant vagrant yes
Slovakia extant native yes
Slovenia extant vagrant
South Korea extant native yes
Sudan extant native yes
Sweden extant vagrant
Syria extant native yes yes
Taiwan, China extant native yes yes
Tajikistan extant native
Tanzania extant native yes
Thailand extant native yes
Togo extant vagrant
Türkiye extant native yes
Turkmenistan extant native yes
Ukraine extant native yes yes
United Arab Emirates extant native yes yes
Uzbekistan extant native yes yes
Vietnam extant native yes
Yemen extant native yes yes

Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA)
Country/Territory IBA Name
Azerbaijan Karayazi forest
Azerbaijan Alazani river valley
Azerbaijan Alty Agach area
Azerbaijan Mount Babadag
Azerbaijan Gekchai Bozdag mountains
Azerbaijan Ismailly area
Azerbaijan Shamkhor area
Türkiye Beynam Forests
Türkiye Göksu Delta
Greece South forest complex of Evros prefecture
Russia (European) Siniye mountains
Russia (European) Levo-Dobrinskaya valley
Russia (European) Steppe valley of Sakmara river
Russia (European) Mountain valley of Sakmara river
Russia (European) Nikifarovski forest
Russia (European) Buzulukski forest
Russia (European) Tashlinski forest
Russia (European) Cheremshanski forest
Russia (European) Khoper Nature Reserve
Russia (European) Voronezhski Nature Reserve
Russia (European) Khrenovski forest
Russia (European) Ichalkovski
Russia (European) Danilovski forest
Russia (European) Kuznetski forest
Russia (European) Flood-plain of Alatyr' river in vicinity of Ardatov
Russia (European) Sengileyevskiye mountain
Russia (European) Yamantau mountain
Russia (European) Iremel'ski mountain
Russia (European) Bogdinsko-Baskunchakski
Russia (European) Khvalynski National Park
Russia (European) Stepan Rasin Rock
Russia (European) Orenburgski Nature Reserve
Ukraine Samars'kyj forest
Ukraine Izyums'ka Luka forest
Ukraine Kremenets'kyj forest
Georgia Iori Region
Georgia Algeti
Djibouti Kadda Guéïni - Doumêra
Egypt Suez
Egypt Gebel El Zeit
Egypt El Qa plain
Egypt Ras Mohammed National Park
Egypt Ain Sukhna
Ethiopia Bale Mountains National Park
Ukraine Crimean Nature Reserve
Ukraine Katran-Yakkan-Tepe Mountain (Karabi Yajla)
Türkiye Yeniçağa Lake
Hungary Mátra
Afghanistan Hamun-i-Puzak
Israel Judean foothills
Israel Western Negev
Israel Southern Arava valley and Elat mountains
Israel Hula valley
Israel Jezre'el, Harod and Bet She'an valleys
Iran, Islamic Republic of Anzali Mordab complex
Iran, Islamic Republic of Miankaleh Peninsula and Gorgan Bay
Iran, Islamic Republic of Alborz-e Markazi Protected Area
Iran, Islamic Republic of Golestan
Iran, Islamic Republic of Shadegan marshes and tidal mudflats of Khor-al Amaya and Khor Musa
Iran, Islamic Republic of Arjan Protected Area
Iran, Islamic Republic of South end of the Hamoun-i Puzak
Jordan Shaumari
Jordan Madaba - Hisban
Jordan Burqu'
Jordan Azraq
Kuwait Jal Az-Zor
Kuwait Al-Jahra Pool Nature Reserve
Kuwait Al-Batin Park
Oman Quriyat - Daghmar
Oman Wadi Darbat
Oman Khawr Rouri
Oman Khawr Hassan
Oman Sun Farms, Sohar
Saudi Arabia Al-Ha'ir
Saudi Arabia Mahazat as-Sayd
Saudi Arabia Harrat al-Harrah
Saudi Arabia Al-Habrow al-Arabi
Saudi Arabia Wadi Jawwah
Yemen High mountains of Ibb
Yemen Ta'izz wadis
Yemen Aden
Yemen Kawkaban - Shibam
Russia (European) Oktyabr'ski forest
Russia (European) Kraka Mountain
Russia (European) Watershed of Bel'skaya and Nugush rivers
Russia (European) Zilairskoye Prisakmar'ye
Russia (European) Ufimskoye plateau
Russia (European) Kaltasinski forest
Russia (European) Sharanski Bors
Russia (European) Shaitan-Tau ridge
Russia (European) Aiskiye yary
Russia (European) Mountain valley of Ai river
Russia (European) Usen'-Ivanovski forest
Russia (European) Tazlarovskiye hills
Russia (European) Mountain valley of Zilim river
Russia (European) Bakalinski forest
Russia (European) Laman-Kam area
Russia (European) Berkubinski forest
Russia (European) Valley of Khasaut river, mountains B.Bermamyt and M.Bermamyt
Russia (European) Andreyaul'ski reserve
Russia (European) Kabardino-Balkarski Nature Reserve
Russia (European) Irendyk ridge
Russia (European) Maly Nakas ridge
Bangladesh Teknaf Game Reserve
China (mainland) Huzhong Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Laotieshan
China (mainland) Orqohan
China (mainland) Dalai Nur Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Huihe Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Burqin River and Kanas Lake
China (mainland) Altay forest and steppe
China (mainland) Burgen River Valley
China (mainland) Tacheng (Qoqek) area
China (mainland) Sayram Nur
China (mainland) Oasis, Desert and Wetland at Mosuowan
China (mainland) Bogda (Tian Chi)
China (mainland) Mori Grassland
China (mainland) Qapqal grassland and wetland
China (mainland) Barkol Lake and grassland
China (mainland) Ili River basin
China (mainland) Kunes forest
China (mainland) Gongliu spruce forest
China (mainland) Oasis and Desert in Hami
China (mainland) Bayanbulak and Kaidu River Valley
China (mainland) Mount Tuomuer Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Changtang plateau
China (mainland) Eastern Qilian Shan mountains
China (mainland) Loess Plateau in western Gansu
China (mainland) Jonê
China (mainland) Cao Hai Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Song Shan Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Changdao Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Funiu Shan Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Heyang Huang He Wetlands Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Yancheng Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Shengjin Hu Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Poyang Hu wetlands
China (mainland) Dongting Hu wetlands
China (mainland) Xidamingshan
China (mainland) Longshan section of Nonggang
China (mainland) Shiwandashan
China (mainland) Dongzhaigang
Hong Kong (China) Inner Deep Bay and Shenzhen River catchment area
Mongolia Uvs Lake
Mongolia Bulgan River
Mongolia Khovsgol Lake
Mongolia Airkhan Lake
Mongolia Teshigiin Olon Lakes
Mongolia Valleys of Khurkh-Khuiten Rivers
Mongolia Onon-Balj
China (mainland) Lanbowan–Qilihe Wetland
Pakistan Indus Dolphin Reserve and Kandhkot wetlands
Pakistan Drigh Wildlife Sanctuary
Pakistan Pugri Lake
Pakistan Manchar Lake
Pakistan Jubo Ramsar Site
Pakistan Indus Waterfowl Refuge
Pakistan Ucchali Wetland Complex
Pakistan Lal Sohanra National Park
Pakistan Haleji Wildlife Sanctuary
Pakistan Keti Bundar North Wildlife Sanctuary
Pakistan Kirthar National Park (including Hub Dam)
Pakistan Nara Desert Wildlife Sanctuary
Russia (Asian) Belozersk lakes
Russia (Asian) Northern slope of Khamar-Daban mountains
Russia (Asian) Selenga delta
Russia (Asian) Tunkin valley
Russia (Asian) Ulukhkol' lake
Russia (Asian) Ol'khon area
Russia (Asian) South Baikal migratory corridor
Russia (Asian) Balaganskaya steppe
Cambodia Stung Sen / Santuk / Baray
Cambodia Ang Tropeang Thmor
India Kaziranga National Park
India Nameri National Park
India Banni Grassland and Chhari Dhand
India Bhal area
India Flamingo City
India Gir National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary
India Kaj Lake (Pipalava Bandharo)
India Nalsarovar Wildlife Sanctuary
India Naliya Grassland (Lala Bustard Wildlife Sanctuary)
India Velavadar National Park
India Wild Ass Wildlife Sanctuary
India Dhauludhar Wildlife Sanctuary and McLeod Gunj
India Basai wetlands
India Sultanpur National Park
India Dachigam National Park
India Lingambudhi Lake and environs
India Gangapur Dam and grasslands
India Mahul - Sewree Creek
India Nandur Madhmeshwar Wildlife Sanctuary
India Navegaon National Park
India Dihaila Jheel and other wetlands
India Madhav National Park
India Pench Tiger Reserve
India Harike Lake Bird Sanctuary
India Keoladeo National Park and Ajan Bande
India Ranthambore National Park and Tiger Reserve
India Sariska Tiger Reserve
India Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary
India Corbett Tiger Reserve
India Gorumara National Park
India Lava - Neora Valley National Park
South Korea Cheolwon basin
South Korea Cheonsu Bay
South Korea Yeongam-ho lake
South Korea Gocheonam-ho lake
South Korea Junam reservoir
Georgia Alazani Valley
Georgia Jandari Lake
Georgia Kvernaki Ridge
Georgia Lower Kura Valley
Russia (European) Outskirts of Kislovodsk
Russia (European) Sviyago-Kubninskaya forest-steppe
Russia (Central Asian) Tanater-Rublevo Lakes
Russia (Central Asian) Redut' pine forest
Russia (Central Asian) Tobol pine forests near Proryvnoye village
Russia (Central Asian) Mouth of the Uy river
Russia (Central Asian) Interfluve of the rivers Small and Big Karatanka
Russia (Central Asian) Arkaim
Russia (Central Asian) Vicinities of settlement Kalininsky
Russia (Central Asian) Mountain of the Checka
Russia (Central Asian) Tri Gusikhi
Russia (Central Asian) The top part of pools of the rivers Big Karaganka and the rivers Syntasty
Russia (Central Asian) Vicinities of settlement Rymniksky
Russia (Central Asian) Kornilovsky pine forest
Russia (Central Asian) Kanskaya Steppe
Russia (Central Asian) Uzkaya Steppe
Russia (Central Asian) Loktevskaya
Russia (Central Asian) Kulundinskaya forest band
Russia (Central Asian) Gornaya Kolyvan'
Russia (Central Asian) Krasnoschekovskaya
Russia (Central Asian) Anuyskaya
Russia (Central Asian) Aleyskaya
Russia (European) Bel'skaya flood-plain
Russia (European) Birskaya flood-plain of river Belaya
Russia (European) Mishkinski forest
Russia (Central Asian) Cheka mountain
Georgia Adjara-Imereti Ridge
Kazakhstan Zharsor-Urkash Salt Lakes
Kazakhstan Naurzum State Nature Reserve
Kazakhstan Irgiz-Turgay Lakes
Russia (European) Privolzhskaya forest-steppe
Russia (European) Shcherbakovskaya bend of Volga river
Russia (Central Asian) Birsuat
Russia (European) Forest-steppe Gyul'chachak (Peony forest-steppe)
Russia (European) Karginskiye hills
Russia (Central Asian) Plateau Ukok
China (mainland) Jiulingshan Nature Reserve
Mongolia Tarialan
Mongolia Bulgan Tal
Mongolia Erdenesant Mountains
Mongolia Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Area
Jordan Irbid - Mafraq plains
North Macedonia Tikvesh Region
Yemen Jabal Bura
Yemen Jabal Sumarah
Yemen Mafraq al-Mukha
Bulgaria Kamenski Bair
Bulgaria Sinite Kamani-Grebenets
Bulgaria Sakar
Bulgaria Western Strandzha
Bulgaria Dobrostan
Bulgaria Besaparski Hills
Bulgaria Western Balkan
Bulgaria Arda Bridge
Bulgaria Byala Reka
Bulgaria Central Balkan
Bulgaria Kotlenska Mountain
Kazakhstan Zhusandala
Kazakhstan Arys-Karaktau State Reserved Zone
Kazakhstan Mugodzhary
Kazakhstan Lower reaches of the Ashchyozek River
Kazakhstan Urda Sands
Uzbekistan Amudarya floodlands near Termez
Kazakhstan North-western cliff faces of the Ustyurt Plateau
Austria Parndorfer Platte and Heideboden
Kazakhstan Western cliff faces of the Ustyurt Plateau
Austria March/Thaya riverine forest
Austria Central Marchfeld
Tajikistan Bulunkul and Yashilkul lakes and mountains
Kazakhstan Sarykopa Lake System
Kazakhstan Western and northern foothills of the Kalba Range
Kazakhstan Donyz-Tau cliff faces
Kazakhstan Ulytau Mountains
Kazakhstan Alekseevskie steppe pine forests
Kazakhstan Iskrinskie Pine Forests
Kazakhstan Ereymentau Mountains
Kazakhstan Ortau upland massif
Kazakhstan Western edge of the Karakoyin and Zhetikonyr Sands
Kazakhstan Middle reaches of the Sarysu River
Kazakhstan Lower reaches of the Sarysu River
Kazakhstan Teniz-Karakamys Lakes
Russia (European) Buinakskaya depression
Russia (European) Karanogaiskiye steppes
Russia (European) Baksanskoye ravine
Russia (European) Verkhnechegemskaya depression
Russia (European) Chegemskoye ravine
Russia (European) Khulamskoye ravine
Russia (European) Ravine of Eshkakon river
Russia (European) Sources of the Podkumok river
Russia (European) Malka river ravine
Russia (European) Sources of Khudes river
Russia (European) Barchan Sarykum and Narat-Tyube
Kazakhstan Amankaragay Forest
Kazakhstan Ertis Ormany (Shaldai Forest)
Kazakhstan Semey Ormany (Semipalatinsk Forest)
Russia (European) Lower reaches of Sulak river
Russia (European) Yangiyurtovski reserve and Bakas fen
Turkmenistan Badhyz
North Macedonia River Zletovska valley
Russia (European) Lysyi Liman lake and valley of Vostochniy Manych river
Russia (European) Staromainskiy forest and bay
Kazakhstan Manyrak Mountains
Kazakhstan Zhagabulak Forest
Kazakhstan Uil River and Taysoygan Sands
Russia (Central Asian) Charyshskaya
Russia (Central Asian) Sources of the Bolshaya Karaganka and Syntasty rivers
Russia (European) Bulukhta area
Türkiye Tuz Lake
Türkiye Bey Mountains
Türkiye Çığlıkara Forests (and Avlan Lake)
Türkiye Türkmenbaba Mountain
Hungary Börzsöny
Hungary Bükk
Hungary Borsodi-Mezőség
Hungary Gerecse
Hungary Hernád Valley
Hungary Heves Plain
Slovakia Východoslovenská plain
Slovakia Košice valley
Slovakia Malé Karpaty
Slovakia Slanské hills
Slovakia Tríbeč
Russia (Central Asian) Proslaukhinskaya
Russia (Central Asian) Tundyt mountain
Türkiye Sündiken Mountains
North Macedonia River Topolka-river Babuna-river Bregalnica
North Macedonia Ovche Pole
North Macedonia Preod-Gjugjance
North Macedonia Gradsko-Rosoman-Negotino
North Macedonia River Pchinja-river Petroshnica-river Kriva Reka
Russia (European) Sources of Alimbet river and Aktykyl ridge
Russia (European) Rychkovskaya forest-steppe
Russia (European) Watershed of Kazanka and Shoshma rivers
Russia (European) Karabash-Kudashskaya forest-steppe
Russia (European) Pis'myanskiye Gori area
Russia (European) Shugurovskoye plateau
Russia (European) Sources of Akshibai river
Russia (European) Cherkaski reserve
Russia (European) Snake hills
Russia (European) Prisyun'ski forest
Russia (European) Buninski forest
Russia (European) Ergeninskaya area
Russia (European) Watershead of Malaya Sviyaga river
Russia (European) Vedeneevsk pine forest
Romania Aliman - Adamclisi
Romania Dobrogei gorge
Romania Dealurile Dorobanţu
Romania Micleşti wood
Romania Măcin - Niculiţel
Kyrgyzstan Tulek Valley
Hungary Vértes
Hungary Zemplén Mountains
Hungary Del-Hevesi-sik
Mongolia Khangain Nuruu National Park
China (mainland) Dunhuang Nature Reserve and Western Qilian Shan mountains
Nepal Annapurna Conservation Area
Nepal Chitwan National Park
Nepal Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and Koshi Barrage
Nepal Langtang National Park
Nepal Makalu Barun National Park
Nepal Sagarmatha National Park
China (mainland) Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Taipo Hu Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Xingkai Hu Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Zhengzhou Huanghe Wetland Nature Reserve
Yemen Bab al-Mandab - Mawza
Russia (Asian) Barluksko-Sayanskaya floodplain of Oka river and Kuitunskaya foreststeppe
Pakistan Kinjhar (Kalri) Wildlife Sanctuary
Yemen Al-Kadan area
Türkiye Bolu Mountains
Georgia Eastern Caucasus mountains
Georgia Meskheti Ridge
Russia (European) Teberdinski Nature Reserve
Serbia Pašnjaci Velike Droplje
India Monigong - Jorgging - Tuting
India Jor Beer
India Inderkilla National Park
India Amangarh Reserve Forest
India Naina Devi Himalayan Bird Conservation Reserve

Habitats & altitude
Habitat (level 1) Habitat (level 2) Importance Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial Arable Land suitable breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial Arable Land suitable non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial Pastureland suitable breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial Pastureland suitable non-breeding
Forest Temperate major breeding
Forest Temperate major non-breeding
Grassland Subtropical/Tropical Dry suitable breeding
Grassland Subtropical/Tropical Dry suitable non-breeding
Grassland Temperate suitable breeding
Shrubland Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation suitable breeding
Shrubland Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation suitable non-breeding
Wetlands (inland) Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands major non-breeding
Altitude 0 - 1600 m Occasional altitudinal limits (max) 3900 m

Threats & impact
Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture Wood & pulp plantations - Scale Unknown/Unrecorded Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Biological resource use Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Biological resource use Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest] Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation
Human intrusions & disturbance Work & other activities Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Species disturbance, Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Problematic native species/diseases Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Negligible declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success
Transportation & service corridors Utility & service lines Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Species mortality

Utilisation
Purpose Primary form used Life stage used Source Scale Level Timing
Pets/display animals, horticulture - - international non-trivial recent
Sport hunting/specimen collecting - - non-trivial recent

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Aquila heliaca. Downloaded from http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/eastern-imperial-eagle-aquila-heliaca on 25/09/2023. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://datazone.birdlife.org on 25/09/2023.