Taxonomic source(s)
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
---|---|---|
B2ab(ii,iii,v) | A2bcde+3cde; B2ab(ii,iii,v) | A2bcde+3cde; B2ab(ii,iii,v); D2 |
Year | Category | Criteria |
---|---|---|
2018 | Critically Endangered | B2ab(ii,iii,v) |
2016 | Critically Endangered | B2ab(ii,iii,v) |
2015 | Critically Endangered | B2ab(ii,iii,v) |
2013 | Critically Endangered | B2ab(ii,iii,v) |
2012 | Critically Endangered | B2ab(ii,iii,v) |
2010 | Critically Endangered | B2a+b(ii,iii,v) |
2009 | Critically Endangered | B2a+b(ii,iii,v) |
2008 | Critically Endangered | |
2007 | Critically Endangered | |
2005 | Critically Endangered | |
2004 | Critically Endangered | |
2000 | Critically Endangered | |
1996 | Vulnerable | |
1994 | Vulnerable | |
1988 | Threatened |
Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Medium |
Land mass type | Average mass | - |
Estimate | Data quality | |
---|---|---|
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 16 | medium |
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 7,160,000 | medium |
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 2 | medium |
Number of locations | 1 | - |
Fragmentation | - |
Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of mature individuals | 2400-4800 | good | estimated | 2003 |
Population trend | Decreasing | good | estimated | - |
Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | 50-79 | - | - | - |
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | - | - | - | |
Number of subpopulations | 1 | - | - | - |
Largest subpopulations | 100 | - | - | - |
Generation length (yrs) | 15.5 | - | - | - |
Population justification: The most recent population census indicates a population of 2,400-4,800 mature individuals (D. James in litt. 2003), roughly equivalent to 3,600-7,200 individuals in total. A recent genetic analysis estimated the effective population size to be approximately 5,000 individuals (Morris-Pocock et al. 2012).
Trend justification: A historical review suggests that the population declined by around 66% over the last three generations (James 2003), apparently owing to habitat clearance and dust fallout from phosphate mining, marine pollution, over-fishing and bycatch in fishing gear. These declines are projected to continue. Surveys from 2008-2013 show an on-going declining trend in breeding numbers (Hennicke 2014). While the introduced yellow crazy ant has not yet been shown to adversely affect frigatebird colonies directly, it undoubtedly represents a serious future threat due to ant related changes in breeding habitat quality. A substantial cause of mortality, likely to affect population size and trend of the species, is intentional killing in Southeast Asia (Tirtaningtyas and Hennicke 2015).
Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | V | Extant | Yes | |||
Brunei | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Cambodia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
China (mainland) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Christmas Island (to Australia) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Cocos (Keeling) Islands (to Australia) | V | Extant | Yes | |||
Hong Kong (China) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
India | V | Extant | Yes | |||
Indonesia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Japan | V | Extant | Yes | |||
Malaysia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Philippines | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Singapore | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Sri Lanka | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Thailand | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Timor-Leste | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Vietnam | V | Extant | Yes |
Country/Territory | IBA Name |
---|---|
Cambodia | Koh Tang Archipelago |
Christmas Island (to Australia) | Christmas Island |
Indonesia | Pulau Dua |
Indonesia | Pulau Rambut |
Indonesia | Ujung Kulon |
Malaysia | Bako-Buntal Bay |
Malaysia | Mantanani islands |
Malaysia | Sipadan islands |
Malaysia | Tanjung Datu-Samunsam Protected Area |
Malaysia | Tempasuk plains |
Thailand | Hat Nopharat Thara - Mu Ko Phi Phi |
Timor-Leste | Areia Branca no Dolok Oan |
Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
---|---|---|---|
Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland | major | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Estuaries | suitable | resident |
Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | major | resident |
Marine Neritic | Pelagic | major | resident |
Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | major | resident |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | major | resident |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | major | resident |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | major | resident |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | major | resident |
Marine Oceanic | Epipelagic (0-200m) | major | resident |
Marine Oceanic | Mesopelagic (200-1000m) | major | resident |
Altitude | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
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Biological resource use | Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Whole (>90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 7 | ||||||
|
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Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Very Rapid Declines | High Impact: 8 | ||||||
|
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Climate change & severe weather | Habitat shifting & alteration | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Whole (>90%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
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Climate change & severe weather | Storms & flooding | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Future | Whole (>90%) | Very Rapid Declines | Medium Impact: 7 | ||||||
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Energy production & mining | Mining & quarrying | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
|
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Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Anoplolepis gracilipes | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Whole (>90%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
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Pollution | Industrial & military effluents - Type Unknown/Unrecorded | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Whole (>90%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food - human | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent | ||
Pets/display animals, horticulture | - | - | International | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2019) Species factsheet: Fregata andrewsi. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 14/12/2019.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2019) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 14/12/2019.