• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
B2ab(ii,iii,v)	A2bcde+3cde; B2ab(ii,iii,v)	A2bcde+3cde; B2ab(ii,iii,v); D2

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2018	Critically Endangered	B2ab(ii,iii,v)
2016	Critically Endangered	B2ab(ii,iii,v)
2015	Critically Endangered	B2ab(ii,iii,v)
2013	Critically Endangered	B2ab(ii,iii,v)
2012	Critically Endangered	B2ab(ii,iii,v)
2010	Critically Endangered	B2a+b(ii,iii,v)
2009	Critically Endangered	B2a+b(ii,iii,v)
2008	Critically Endangered
2007	Critically Endangered
2005	Critically Endangered
2004	Critically Endangered
2000	Critically Endangered
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Threatened

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	Medium
Land mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	16	medium
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2)	7,160,000	medium
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	2	medium
Number of locations	1	-
Fragmentation		-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals	2400-4800	good	estimated	2003
Population trend	Decreasing	good	estimated	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)	50-79	-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)		-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Largest subpopulations	100	-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	15.5	-	-	-

Population justification: The most recent population census indicates a population of 2,400-4,800 mature individuals (D. James in litt. 2003), roughly equivalent to 3,600-7,200 individuals in total. A recent genetic analysis estimated the effective population size to be approximately 5,000 individuals (Morris-Pocock et al. 2012).

Trend justification: A historical review suggests that the population declined by around 66% over the last three generations (James 2003), apparently owing to habitat clearance and dust fallout from phosphate mining, marine pollution, over-fishing and bycatch in fishing gear. These declines are projected to continue. Surveys from 2008-2013 show an on-going declining trend in breeding numbers (Hennicke 2014). While the introduced yellow crazy ant has not yet been shown to adversely affect frigatebird colonies directly, it undoubtedly represents a serious future threat due to ant related changes in breeding habitat quality. A substantial cause of mortality, likely to affect population size and trend of the species, is intentional killing in Southeast Asia (Tirtaningtyas and Hennicke 2015).

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Australia	V	Extant			Yes
Brunei	N	Extant	Yes
Cambodia	N	Extant			Yes
China (mainland)	N	Extant	Yes
Christmas Island (to Australia)	N	Extant		Yes
Cocos (Keeling) Islands (to Australia)	V	Extant			Yes
Hong Kong (China)	N	Extant	Yes
India	V	Extant			Yes
Indonesia	N	Extant	Yes
Japan	V	Extant			Yes
Malaysia	N	Extant	Yes
Philippines	N	Extant			Yes
Singapore	N	Extant			Yes
Sri Lanka	N	Extant	Yes
Thailand	N	Extant	Yes
Timor-Leste	N	Extant	Yes
Vietnam	V	Extant			Yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Cambodia	Koh Tang Archipelago
Christmas Island (to Australia)	Christmas Island
Indonesia	Pulau Dua
Indonesia	Pulau Rambut
Indonesia	Ujung Kulon
Malaysia	Bako-Buntal Bay
Malaysia	Mantanani islands
Malaysia	Sipadan islands
Malaysia	Tanjung Datu-Samunsam Protected Area
Malaysia	Tempasuk plains
Thailand	Hat Nopharat Thara - Mu Ko Phi Phi
Timor-Leste	Areia Branca no Dolok Oan

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Estuaries	suitable	resident
Marine Neritic	Macroalgal/Kelp	major	resident
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	major	resident
Marine Neritic	Seagrass (Submerged)	major	resident
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel	major	resident
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs	major	resident
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Sandy	major	resident
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Sandy-Mud	major	resident
Marine Oceanic	Epipelagic (0-200m)	major	resident
Marine Oceanic	Mesopelagic (200-1000m)	major	resident
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Species mortality
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Very Rapid Declines		High Impact: 8
		Stresses Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Climate change & severe weather	Storms & flooding	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Whole (>90%)		Very Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Energy production & mining	Mining & quarrying	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Anoplolepis gracilipes	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects
Pollution	Industrial & military effluents - Type Unknown/Unrecorded	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Food - human	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent
Food - human	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent
Pets/display animals, horticulture	-	-		International	Non-trivial	Recent
Pets/display animals, horticulture	-	-		International	Non-trivial	Recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2019) Species factsheet: Fregata andrewsi. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/08/2019. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2019) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/08/2019.