• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note

Geokichla interpres (del Hoyo and Collar 2016) was previously listed as Zoothera interpres.

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	A2cd+3cd+4cd	A2cd+3cd+4cd

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2020	Endangered	A2cd+3cd+4cd
2016	Near Threatened	A2cd+3cd+4cd
2012	Near Threatened	A2cd+3cd+4cd
2008	Near Threatened	A2c,d; A3c,d; A4c,d
2006	Least Concern
2004	Not Recognised
2000	Not Recognised
1994	Not Recognised
1988	Not Recognised

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	Medium
Land mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	4,270,000	medium
Number of locations	11-100	-
Severely Fragmented		-

	Value	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals	unknown	not applicable	not applicable	0
Population trend	Decreasing	poor	inferred	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)	50-79	-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)	50-79	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	2-100	-	-	-
Percentage in largest subpopulation	1-89	-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	4.5	-	-	-

Population justification: The species is described as locally fairly common in the Lesser Sundas and Borneo, rare in Thailand and the Philippines and local and scarce in Peninsular Malaysia (del Hoyo et al. 2005). In Thailand, the species has been observed at 3-4 singers within an area of 3-4 hectares, albeit the species may have occurred at particularly high densities during surveys (Collar 2020), overestimating its true occurrence. Thus, due to high uncertainty, the global population size has not yet been quantified.

Trend justification: Based on a recent analyses by Symes et al. (2018), the species was considered to be undergoing a decline of 67.5% over a 10-year period, as estimated using data gathered between 2000-2015. Declines were attributed to the combined effect of habitat loss and trapping pressures (Symes et al. 2018, [also Tracewski et al. 2016]). This roughly equates to 78.1% decline over three generations (13.5 years; Bird et al. 2020). It is however important to note that surveys used to derive such trends were only conducted across the Greater Sundaic range, excluding quantification of any trends in the Lesser Sunda's and as such, potentially masking the true rate of decline over the species's overall range (F. Rheindt in litt. 2020). However, due to its known rarity, it is likely that the species has continued to decline at rate of at least 50%, with potential to exceed 70% over a three-generation period (as per Symes et al. 2018). Thus, the population here is suspected to be declining at a very rapid rate of 50-79%.

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Brunei	N	Extant	Yes
Indonesia	N	Extant	Yes
Malaysia	N	Extant	Yes
Philippines	N	Extant	Yes
Thailand	N	Extant	Yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Thailand	Khao Nor Chuchi
Thailand	Khao Banthad
Thailand	Hala Sector, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary and Bang Lang National Park
Thailand	Bala Sector, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary
Malaysia	Crocker Range
Malaysia	Danum Valley Conservation Area
Malaysia	Endau-Rompin
Malaysia	Mulu - Buda Protected Area
Malaysia	Kabili-Sepilok
Malaysia	Mount Kinabalu
Malaysia	Maliau Basin Conservation Area
Malaysia	Nakawan Range
Malaysia	Tabin Wildlife Reserve

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Plantations	marginal	resident
Artificial/Terrestrial	Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Altitude	80 - 1000 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Wood & pulp plantations - Agro-industry plantations	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Natural system modifications	Fire & fire suppression - Increase in fire frequency/intensity	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Pets/display animals, horticulture	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Geokichla interpres. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 25/03/2023. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 25/03/2023.