Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: #http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm#.
Turbott, E.G. 1990. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand. Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | Least Concern | |
| 2014 | Least Concern | |
| 2012 | Least Concern | |
| 2009 | Least Concern | |
| 2008 | Least Concern | |
| 2004 | Least Concern | |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Low |
| Land mass type | Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 355,000,000 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 349,000,000 | medium |
| Number of locations | - | |
| Severely Fragmented | - |
| Value | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | poor | estimated | 2012 | |
| Population trend | Increasing | suspected | - | |
| Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | - | - | - | |
| Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Percentage in largest subpopulation | - | - | - | |
| Generation length (yrs) | 8.1 | - | - | - |
Population justification: The population is estimated to number 4,000,000-9,850,000 individuals. The European population is estimated at 76,100-92,300 pairs, which equates to 152,000-185,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015). The population is therefore placed in the band 4,000,000-9,999,999 individuals.
Trend justification: The overall population trend is increasing, although some populations may be stable, decreasing or have unknown trends (Wetlands International 2015). This species has undergone a small or statistically insignificant decrease over the last 40 years in North America (data from Breeding Bird Survey and/or Christmas Bird Count: Butcher and Niven 2007) Note, however, that these surveys cover less than 50% of the species's range in North America. The European population is estimated to be decreasing by less than 25% in 24.3 years (three generations) (BirdLife International 2015).
| Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | U | Extant | ||||
| Albania | V | Extant | ||||
| Algeria | N | Extant | ||||
| Angola | N | Extant | ||||
| Anguilla (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Antarctica | V | Extant | ||||
| Antigua and Barbuda | N | Extant | ||||
| Argentina | N | Extant | ||||
| Armenia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Aruba (to Netherlands) | N | Extant | ||||
| Australia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Austria | V | Extant | ||||
| Azerbaijan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Bahamas | N | Extant | ||||
| Bahrain | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Bangladesh | N | Extant | ||||
| Barbados | N | Extant | ||||
| Belarus | V | Extant | ||||
| Belgium | V | Extant | ||||
| Belize | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Benin | N | Extant | ||||
| Bermuda (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Bhutan | N | Extant | ||||
| Bolivia | N | Extant | ||||
| Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (to Netherlands) | N | Extant | ||||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | V | Extant | ||||
| Botswana | N | Extant | ||||
| Brazil | N | Extant | ||||
| British Indian Ocean Territory | I | Extant | Yes | |||
| Brunei | N | Extant | ||||
| Bulgaria | V | Extinct | Yes | |||
| Burkina Faso | N | Extant | ||||
| Burundi | N | Extant | ||||
| Cambodia | N | Extant | ||||
| Cameroon | N | Extant | ||||
| Canada | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Cape Verde | N | Extant | ||||
| Cayman Islands (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Central African Republic | N | Extant | ||||
| Chad | N | Extant | ||||
| Chile | N | Extant | ||||
| China (mainland) | N | Extant | ||||
| Christmas Island (to Australia) | V | Extant | ||||
| Cocos (Keeling) Islands (to Australia) | N | Extant | ||||
| Colombia | N | Extant | ||||
| Comoros | N | Extant | ||||
| Congo | N | Extant | ||||
| Congo, The Democratic Republic of the | N | Extant | ||||
| Costa Rica | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Côte d'Ivoire | N | Extant | ||||
| Croatia | V | Extant | ||||
| Cuba | N | Extant | ||||
| Curaçao (to Netherlands) | N | Extant | ||||
| Cyprus | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Czechia | V | Extant | ||||
| Denmark | V | Extant | ||||
| Djibouti | N | Extant | ||||
| Dominica | N | Extant | ||||
| Dominican Republic | N | Extant | ||||
| Ecuador | N | Extant | ||||
| Egypt | N | Extant | ||||
| El Salvador | N | Extant | ||||
| Equatorial Guinea | N | Extant | ||||
| Eritrea | N | Extant | ||||
| Eswatini | N | Extant | ||||
| Ethiopia | N | Extant | ||||
| Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | N | Extant | ||||
| Finland | V | Extant | ||||
| France | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| French Guiana | N | Extant | ||||
| Gabon | N | Extant | ||||
| Gambia | N | Extant | ||||
| Georgia | N | Extant | ||||
| Germany | V | Extant | ||||
| Ghana | N | Extant | ||||
| Gibraltar (to UK) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Greece | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Grenada | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Guadeloupe (to France) | N | Extant | ||||
| Guam (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Guatemala | N | Extant | ||||
| Guinea | N | Extant | ||||
| Guinea-Bissau | N | Extant | ||||
| Guyana | N | Extant | ||||
| Haiti | N | Extant | ||||
| Honduras | N | Extant | ||||
| Hong Kong (China) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Hungary | V | Extant | ||||
| Iceland | V | Extant | ||||
| India | N | Extant | ||||
| Indonesia | N | Extant | ||||
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Iraq | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Ireland | V | Extant | ||||
| Israel | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Italy | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Jamaica | I | Extant | Yes | |||
| Japan | N | Extant | ||||
| Jordan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Kazakhstan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Kenya | N | Extant | ||||
| Kuwait | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Laos | N | Extant | ||||
| Latvia | V | Extant | ||||
| Lebanon | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Lesotho | N | Extant | ||||
| Liberia | N | Extant | ||||
| Libya | N | Extant | ||||
| Liechtenstein | V | Extant | ||||
| Lithuania | V | Extant | ||||
| Luxembourg | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Macao (China) | N | Extant | ||||
| Madagascar | N | Extant | ||||
| Malawi | N | Extant | ||||
| Malaysia | N | Extant | ||||
| Maldives | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Mali | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Malta | V | Extant | ||||
| Marshall Islands | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Martinique (to France) | N | Extant | ||||
| Mauritania | N | Extant | ||||
| Mauritius | N | Extant | ||||
| Mayotte (to France) | N | Extant | ||||
| Mexico | N | Extant | ||||
| Micronesia, Federated States of | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Montenegro | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Montserrat (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Morocco | N | Extant | ||||
| Mozambique | N | Extant | ||||
| Myanmar | N | Extant | ||||
| Namibia | N | Extant | ||||
| Nepal | N | Extant | ||||
| Netherlands | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| New Caledonia (to France) | V | Extant | ||||
| New Zealand | N | Extant | ||||
| Nicaragua | N | Extant | ||||
| Niger | N | Extant | ||||
| Nigeria | N | Extant | ||||
| Norfolk Island (to Australia) | V | Extant | ||||
| North Korea | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| North Macedonia | V | Extant | ||||
| Northern Mariana Islands (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Norway | V | Extant | ||||
| Oman | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Pakistan | N | Extant | ||||
| Palau | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Palestine | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Panama | N | Extant | ||||
| Papua New Guinea | N | Extant | ||||
| Paraguay | N | Extant | ||||
| Peru | N | Extant | ||||
| Philippines | N | Extant | ||||
| Poland | V | Extant | ||||
| Portugal | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Puerto Rico (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Qatar | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Réunion (to France) | N | Extant | ||||
| Romania | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia (Asian) | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Russia (European) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Rwanda | N | Extant | ||||
| São Tomé e Príncipe | N | Extant | ||||
| Saudi Arabia | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Senegal | N | Extant | ||||
| Serbia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Seychelles | N | Extant | ||||
| Sierra Leone | N | Extant | ||||
| Singapore | N | Extant | ||||
| Sint Maarten (to Netherlands) | N | Extant | ||||
| Slovenia | V | Extant | ||||
| Somalia | N | Extant | ||||
| South Africa | N | Extant | ||||
| South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands | N | Extant | ||||
| South Korea | N | Extant | ||||
| South Sudan | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Spain | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Sri Lanka | N | Extant | ||||
| St Barthelemy (to France) | N | Extant | ||||
| St Helena (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| St Kitts and Nevis | N | Extant | ||||
| St Lucia | N | Extant | ||||
| St Martin (to France) | N | Extant | ||||
| St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| St Vincent and the Grenadines | N | Extant | ||||
| Sudan | N | Extant | ||||
| Suriname | N | Extant | ||||
| Sweden | V | Extant | ||||
| Switzerland | V | Extant | ||||
| Syria | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Taiwan, China | N | Extant | ||||
| Tajikistan | V | Extant | ||||
| Tanzania | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Thailand | N | Extant | ||||
| Timor-Leste | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Togo | N | Extant | ||||
| Trinidad and Tobago | N | Extant | ||||
| Tunisia | N | Extant | ||||
| Turkey | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Turkmenistan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK) | N | Extant | ||||
| Uganda | N | Extant | ||||
| United Arab Emirates | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| United Kingdom | V | Extant | ||||
| United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Uruguay | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| USA | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Uzbekistan | V | Extant | ||||
| Venezuela | N | Extant | ||||
| Vietnam | N | Extant | ||||
| Virgin Islands (to UK) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Virgin Islands (to USA) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Western Sahara | N | Extant | ||||
| Yemen | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
| Zambia | N | Extant | ||||
| Zimbabwe | N | Extant |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | suitable | breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Pastureland | major | breeding |
| Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland | suitable | passage |
| Grassland | Subtropical/Tropical Seasonally Wet/Flooded | major | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | major | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | major | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | major | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | major | non-breeding |
| Altitude | 0 - 4080 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food - human | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent | ||
| Other household goods | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent | ||
| Pets/display animals, horticulture | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent | ||
| Sport hunting/specimen collecting | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Bubulcus ibis. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 29/03/2023.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 29/03/2023.
