Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Least Concern | |
| 2016 | Least Concern | |
| 2013 | Least Concern | |
| 2012 | Least Concern | |
| 2009 | Least Concern | |
| 2008 | Least Concern | |
| 2004 | Least Concern | |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| Migratory status | not a migrant | Forest dependency | Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type | Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 132,000,000 | |
| Number of locations | - | |
| Fragmentation | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | poor | estimated | 2009 | |
| Population trend | Stable | suspected | - | |
| Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | - | - | - | |
| Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | - | - | - | |
| Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Largest subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Generation length (yrs) | 6.6 | - | - | - |
Population justification: This species is one of the commonest birds of prey throughout its wide range (Kemp et al. 2015). The European population is estimated at 1,100-2,600 pairs, which equates to 2,200-5,300 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015).
Trend justification: The population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats. The small European population is estimated to be increasing (BirdLife International 2015).
| Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Algeria | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Angola | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Austria | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Bangladesh | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Belgium | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Benin | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Botswana | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Brunei | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Bulgaria | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Burkina Faso | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Burundi | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Cambodia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Cameroon | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Central African Republic | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Chad | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| China (mainland) | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Congo | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Congo, The Democratic Republic of the | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Côte d'Ivoire | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Czechia | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Denmark | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Djibouti | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Egypt | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Equatorial Guinea | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Eritrea | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Eswatini | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Ethiopia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| France | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Gabon | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Gambia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Germany | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Ghana | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Gibraltar (to UK) | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Greece | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Guinea | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Guinea-Bissau | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Hong Kong (China) | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| India | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Indonesia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Iraq | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Israel | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Italy | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Kenya | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Kuwait | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Laos | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Lebanon | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Lesotho | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Liberia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Libya | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Madagascar | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Malawi | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Malaysia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Mali | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Mauritania | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Morocco | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Mozambique | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Myanmar | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Namibia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Nepal | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Netherlands | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Niger | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Nigeria | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Oman | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Pakistan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Papua New Guinea | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Philippines | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Poland | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Portugal | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Qatar | V | Extant | ||||
| Romania | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Rwanda | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Saudi Arabia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Senegal | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Sierra Leone | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Singapore | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Somalia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| South Africa | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| South Sudan | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Spain | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Sri Lanka | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Sudan | N | Extant | ||||
| Switzerland | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Syria | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Tanzania | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Thailand | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Timor-Leste | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Togo | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Tunisia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Turkey | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Uganda | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| United Arab Emirates | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Uzbekistan | V | Extant | Yes | |||
| Vietnam | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Yemen | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Zambia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
| Zimbabwe | N | Extant | Yes |
| Country/Territory | IBA Name |
|---|---|
| Portugal | Albufeira do Caia |
| Portugal | Arraiolos |
| Portugal | Cabeção |
| Portugal | Cabrela |
| Portugal | Castro Verde plains |
| Portugal | Évora plains |
| Portugal | Monforte plains |
| Portugal | Mourão, Moura e Barrancos |
| Portugal | River Guadiana |
| Portugal | Serra de Penha Garcia e Campina de Toulões |
| Portugal | Tejo estuary |
| Portugal | Upper River Tejo |
| Portugal | Vila Fernando |
| Spain | Alcudia valley and mountain range |
| Spain | Campo Arañuelo-Valdecañas reservoir |
| Spain | Lácara-Morante |
| Spain | Monfragüe |
| Spain | Olivenza-La Albuera |
| Spain | Pela mountain range-Orellana reservoir-Zorita |
| Spain | Tietar valley |
| Spain | Trujillo-Torrecillas de la Tiesa |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | suitable | resident |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest | suitable | resident |
| Desert | Hot | suitable | resident |
| Grassland | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | suitable | resident |
| Grassland | Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude | suitable | resident |
| Savanna | Dry | suitable | resident |
| Shrubland | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | suitable | resident |
| Altitude | 0 - 3000 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Pollution | Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food - human | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent | ||
| Pets/display animals, horticulture | - | - | International | Non-trivial | Recent | |
| Sport hunting/specimen collecting | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2020) Species factsheet: Elanus caeruleus. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 28/01/2020.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2020) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 28/01/2020.
