• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note
Esacus magnirostris (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously listed as E. giganteus; the name magnirostris has priority.

Taxonomic source(s)
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and taxonomy of Australian birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
Christidis, L.; Boles, W. E. 2008. Systematics and taxonomy of Australian birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
del Hoyo, J.; Collar, N. J.; Christie, D. A.; Elliott, A.; Fishpool, L. D. C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2016	Near Threatened	C1
2013	Near Threatened	C1
2012	Near Threatened	C1
2008	Near Threatened	C1
2006	Near Threatened
2004	Near Threatened
2000	Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	Does not normally occur in forest
Land mass type	Land-mass type - continent Land-mass type - shelf island	Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	29,800,000	medium
Number of locations		-
Severely Fragmented		-

	Value	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals	4000	medium	estimated	2002
Population trend	Decreasing		suspected	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)		-	-	-
Number of subpopulations		-	-	-
Percentage in largest subpopulation		-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	10.5	-	-	-

Population justification: The population is thought to number c.5,000 individuals in Australia, 1,000 individuals in the Melanesian islands (G. Dutson in litt. 2002), and 10-20 individuals in New Caledonia. This totals at least 6,000 individuals, roughly equivalent to 4,000 mature individuals.

Trend justification: The population is suspected to be in decline owing to human disturbance and predation by invasive mammals.

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Australia	N	Extant	Yes
Brunei	N	Extant	Yes
India	N	Extant	Yes
Indonesia	N	Extant	Yes
Malaysia	N	Extant	Yes
Myanmar	N	Extant	Yes
New Caledonia (to France)	N	Extant	Yes
Papua New Guinea	N	Extant	Yes
Philippines	N	Extant	Yes
Singapore	N	Extant	Yes
Solomon Islands	N	Extant	Yes
Thailand	N	Extant	Yes
Timor-Leste	N	Extant	Yes
Vanuatu	N	Extant	Yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Australia	Tiwi Islands
Australia	Shoalwater Bay (Rockhampton)
Australia	Cooloola and Fraser Coast
Australia	Repulse Bay to Ince Bay

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Marine Coastal/Supratidal	Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes	suitable	resident
Marine Coastal/Supratidal	Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands	suitable	resident
Marine Intertidal	Mud Flats and Salt Flats	major	resident
Marine Intertidal	Rocky Shoreline	major	resident
Marine Intertidal	Salt Marshes (Emergent Grasses)	suitable	resident
Marine Intertidal	Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc	major	resident
Marine Intertidal	Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches	major	resident
Marine Intertidal	Tidepools	major	resident
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Climate change & severe weather	Storms & flooding	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Unknown		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species disturbance, Species mortality
Human intrusions & disturbance	Recreational activities	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species disturbance, Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Unspecified species	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2022) Species factsheet: Esacus magnirostris. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 23/05/2022. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2022) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 23/05/2022.