Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
---|---|---|
- | - | - |
Year | Category | Criteria |
---|---|---|
2018 | Least Concern | |
2016 | Least Concern | |
2012 | Least Concern | |
2009 | Least Concern | |
2008 | Least Concern | |
2004 | Least Concern | |
2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Medium |
Land mass type | Average mass | - |
Estimate | Data quality | |
---|---|---|
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 16,900,000 | |
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 21,400,000 | |
Number of locations | - | |
Fragmentation | - |
Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of mature individuals | poor | estimated | 2011 | |
Population trend | Increasing | estimated | - | |
Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | - | - | - | |
Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
Largest subpopulations | - | - | - | |
Generation length (yrs) | 8.1 | - | - | - |
Population justification: The European population is estimated at 800-900 pairs, which equates to 1,600-1,800 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015). However Europe represents <5% of the global range. Wetlands International (2018) estimate the population at 205,500-257,800 individuals, rounded here to 205,000-258,00 individuals.
Trend justification: This species has undergone a large and statistically significant increase over the last 40 years in North America (171% increase over 40 years, equating to a 28.3% increase per decade; data from Breeding Bird Survey and/or Christmas Bird Count: Butcher and Niven 2007). The European population trend is unknown (BirdLife International 2015).
Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada | N | Extant | Yes | Yes | ||
Czech Republic | V | Extant | ||||
Faroe Islands (to Denmark) | V | Extant | ||||
France | V | Extant | ||||
Germany | V | Extant | ||||
Greenland (to Denmark) | N | Possibly Extinct | Yes | |||
Iceland | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Montenegro | V | Extant | ||||
Norway | V | Extant | ||||
Russia | V | Extant | ||||
Russia (European) | V | Extant | ||||
Serbia | V | Extant | ||||
South Korea | V | Extant | ||||
Spain | V | Extant | ||||
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway) | V | Extant | ||||
United Kingdom | V | Extant | ||||
USA | N | Extant | Yes |
Country/Territory | IBA Name |
---|---|
Canada | English Bay and Burrard Inlet |
Iceland | Apavatn-Laugarvatn |
Iceland | Brúará |
Iceland | Mývatn-Laxá |
Iceland | Sog |
Iceland | Veidivötn |
USA | Glacier Bay & Icy Strait |
USA | Prince William Sound |
Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
---|---|---|---|
Forest | Boreal | suitable | breeding |
Forest | Temperate | suitable | breeding |
Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes | suitable | non-breeding |
Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | major | non-breeding |
Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | major | breeding |
Altitude | 0 - 3000 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agriculture & aquaculture | Wood & pulp plantations - Agro-industry plantations | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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Climate change & severe weather | Habitat shifting & alteration | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Future | Whole (>90%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Salvelinus fontinalis | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Pollution | Industrial & military effluents - Oil spills | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food (human) | Whole | Eggs | Wild | Non-trivial | Recent | |
Food - human | - | - | Non-trivial | Recent | ||
Pets | Whole | Adults and juveniles | Wild | International | Non-trivial | Recent |
Pets/display animals, horticulture | - | - | International | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2019) Species factsheet: Bucephala islandica. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 17/02/2019.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2019) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 17/02/2019.