• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	A2ace+3ce+4ace	A2ace+3ce+4ace; C1

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2018	Endangered	A2ace+3ce+4ace
2016	Endangered	A2ace+3ce+4ace
2013	Endangered	A2ace+3ce+4ace
2012	Endangered	A2ace+3ce+4ace
2010	Endangered	A2a,c,e; A3c,e; A4a,c,e
2008	Endangered	A2a,c,e; A3c,e; A4a,c,e
2006	Endangered
2004	Endangered
2000	Vulnerable
1994	Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1988	Near Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	Does not normally occur in forest
Land mass type	Land-mass type - continent	Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	402,000	medium
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2)	476,000	medium
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	9,300
Number of locations	45	-
Severely Fragmented		-

	Value	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals	5000	good	estimated	2015
Population trend	Decreasing	good	estimated	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)	62.8	-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)	62.8	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	2-100	-	-	-
Percentage in largest subpopulation	80-90	-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	7.5	-	-	-

Population justification: The total breeding population was estimated at 2,500 pairs (5,000 mature individuals) in 2015. This roughly equates to 7,500 individuals in total.

Trend justification: The overall rate of decline between 1990 and 2006 was 4.3% per year (Kemper et al. 2007), equivalent to a decrease of 62.8% over three generations (22.5 years).

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
Namibia	N	Extant	Yes
South Africa	N	Extant	Yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Namibia	Namib-Naukluft Park
Namibia	Mercury Island
Namibia	Ichaboe Island
Namibia	Lüderitz Bay islands
Namibia	Possession Island
South Africa	West Coast National Park and Saldanha Bay islands
South Africa	Dassen Island
South Africa	Robben Island
South Africa	Dyer Island Nature Reserve
South Africa	Overstrand
South Africa	Bird Island / Dassen Island / Heuningnes river and estuary system / Lower Berg river wetlands - Marine
Namibia	Sperrgebiet - Marine

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Marine Coastal/Supratidal	Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands	major	breeding
Marine Intertidal	Rocky Shoreline	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	major	resident
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use	Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Reduced reproductive success
Climate change & severe weather	Storms & flooding	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Likely to Return		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success
Energy production & mining	Mining & quarrying	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Likely to Return		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Human intrusions & disturbance	Work & other activities	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species disturbance
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Pasteurella multocida	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Arctocephalus pusillus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Competition, Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Larus dominicanus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Pelecanus onocrotalus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Pollution	Industrial & military effluents - Oil spills	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Residential & commercial development	Commercial & industrial areas	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		No/Negligible Impact: 2
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Residential & commercial development	Tourism & recreation areas	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Pets/display animals, horticulture	-	-	-	International	Non-trivial	Recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Phalacrocorax neglectus. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 27/03/2023. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 27/03/2023.