• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2017	Near Threatened	C2a(i)
2016	Near Threatened	B1ab(ii,iii);C1
2012	Near Threatened	B1ab(ii,iii);C1
2008	Near Threatened	C1
2004	Near Threatened
2000	Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1994	Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1988	Near Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	High
Land mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2)	81,700	medium
Number of locations		-
Severely Fragmented		-

	Value	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals	2500-9999	not applicable	estimated	2017
Population trend	Decreasing	poor	suspected	-
Decline (3 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (5 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/1 generation past)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation future)		-	-	-
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future)		-	-	-
Number of subpopulations		-	-	-
Percentage in largest subpopulation	1-89	-	-	-
Generation length (yrs)	5.6	-	-	-

Population justification: Surveys of the Andamans have found this species to be relatively rare (Davidar et al. 1996, Pande et al. 2007), but it does remain well reported on eBird (see eBird 2017). An assessment based on low reported population densities of congeners, and assuming the species occupies only a proportion of its range gives a population size estimate in the range of 2,500-9,999 mature individuals, with the largest subpopulation likely to contain >1,000 mature individuals.

Trend justification: There are no data on population trends, but the species is suspected to be in decline owing to habitat degradation and hunting.

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Presence	Resident	Breeding	Non-breeding	Passage
India	N	Extant	Yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
India	Austin Strait
India	Barangtang - Rafters Creek
India	Car Nicobar
India	Chainpur and Hanspuri
India	Great Nicobar, Little Nicobar
India	Interview Island Wildlife Sanctuary
India	Jarawa Reserve (Middle Andaman and South Andaman)
India	Kadakachang (Katakatchang)
India	Little Andaman
India	Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park (Wandoor National Park)
India	Mount Diavalo and Cuthbert Bay
India	Mount Harriet National Park
India	North and South Sentinel
India	Rani Jhansi Marine National Park
India	Saddle Peak National Park
India	Tillangchong, Camorta, Katchal, Nancowry and Trinkat

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Unknown		No decline		Unknown
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Unknown		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Unknown		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Unknown		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Residential & commercial development	Housing & urban areas	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Unknown		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Food - human	-	-			Non-trivial	Recent

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet: Columba palumboides. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 21/03/2023. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2023) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 21/03/2023.