Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
---|---|---|
- | A2ace+3bce+4ace | A2ace+3bce+4ace |
Year | Category | Criteria |
---|---|---|
2020 | Endangered | A2ace+3bce+4ace |
2018 | Endangered | A2ace+3ce+4ace |
2016 | Endangered | A2ace+3ce+4ace |
2013 | Endangered | A2ace+3ce+4ace |
2012 | Endangered | A2ace+3ce+4ace |
2010 | Endangered | A2a,c,e; A3c,e; A4a,c,e |
2008 | Vulnerable | A2a,c,e; A3c,e; A4a,c,e |
2005 | Vulnerable | |
2004 | Vulnerable | |
2000 | Vulnerable | |
1994 | Lower Risk/Near Threatened | |
1988 | Threatened |
Migratory status | not a migrant | Forest dependency | Does not normally occur in forest |
Land mass type |
Land-mass type - continent |
Average mass | - |
Estimate | Data quality | |
---|---|---|
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 3,920,000 | medium |
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 120,000 | medium |
Number of locations | - | |
Severely Fragmented | - |
Value | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of mature individuals | 41700 | good | estimated | 2015 |
Population trend | Decreasing | good | estimated | - |
Decline (3 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (5 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/1 generation past) | - | - | - | |
Decline (10 years/3 generation future) | 51-79 | - | - | - |
Decline (10 years/3 generation past and future) | 51-79 | - | - | - |
Number of subpopulations | 1 | - | - | - |
Percentage in largest subpopulation | 100 | - | - | - |
Generation length (yrs) | 12 | - | - | - |
Population justification:
In 2015, the overall number of pairs was about 20,850 pairs, or 41,700 mature individuals (Sherley et al. 2019a). This roughly equates to about 66,720 individuals in adult plumage based on the conversion factor of 3.2 for pairs to individuals (Crawford and Boonstra 1994).
Trend justification: The population in Namibia declined from 12,162 pairs in 1978 to an estimated 5,800 pairs in 2015. The South African population declined from c.70,000 pairs in 1978/1979 (Shelton et al. 1984) to 19,300 pairs in 2015. Decreases in both countries amount to > 50% in three generations (Kemper 2015, Hagen 2016).
Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Presence | Resident | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Angola | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Congo | V | Extant | Yes | |||
Gabon | V | Extant | Yes | |||
Mozambique | N | Extant | Yes | |||
Namibia | N | Extant | Yes | |||
South Africa | N | Extant | Yes |
Country/Territory | IBA Name |
---|---|
Angola | Iona National Park |
Namibia | Namib-Naukluft Park |
Namibia | Mercury Island |
Namibia | Ichaboe Island |
Namibia | Lüderitz Bay islands |
Namibia | Possession Island |
South Africa | Algoa Bay Islands: Addo Elephant National Park |
South Africa | Bird Island |
South Africa | West Coast National Park and Saldanha Bay islands |
South Africa | Dassen Island |
South Africa | Robben Island |
South Africa | Boulders Beach |
South Africa | Dyer Island Nature Reserve |
South Africa | Overstrand |
South Africa | Alexandria coastal belt / Algoa Bay Island Nature Reserve - Marine |
South Africa | Bird Island / Dassen Island / Heuningnes river and estuary system / Lower Berg river wetlands - Marine |
Namibia | Namib-Naukluft Park - Marine |
Namibia | Sperrgebiet - Marine |
South Africa | Greater Addo complex |
South Africa | Kenton - Alexandria - Paterson |
Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
---|---|---|---|
Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands | major | breeding |
Marine Intertidal | Rocky Shoreline | major | breeding |
Marine Intertidal | Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches | major | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Pelagic | major | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Pelagic | major | breeding |
Marine Oceanic | Epipelagic (0-200m) | major | non-breeding |
Marine Oceanic | Epipelagic (0-200m) | major | breeding |
Shrubland | Temperate | major | breeding |
Altitude | 0 - 50 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biological resource use | Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Rapid Declines | Medium Impact: 7 | ||||||
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Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | No decline | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
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Climate change & severe weather | Habitat shifting & alteration | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Rapid Declines | Medium Impact: 7 | ||||||
|
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Climate change & severe weather | Storms & flooding | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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Energy production & mining | Mining & quarrying | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Future | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | No/Negligible Impact: 2 | ||||||
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Energy production & mining | Oil & gas drilling | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Future | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | No/Negligible Impact: 2 | ||||||
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Human intrusions & disturbance | Work & other activities | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Unlikely to Return | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Arctocephalus pusillus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Larus dominicanus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Unspecified species | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
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Pollution | Industrial & military effluents - Oil spills | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pets/display animals, horticulture | - | - | International | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2022) Species factsheet: Spheniscus demersus. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 25/06/2022.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2022) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 25/06/2022.